Sclerenchyma is a type of simple permanent tissue that provides structural support to the plant. It consists of thick-walled, lignified sclerenchyma cells. The cells mostly lack protoplasm at maturity and become dead. Mettenius first coined the term sclerenchyma. It is derived from the Greek words sclerous and enchyma. Sclerous means hard. Definition of Sclerenchyma Cells […] The post Sclerenchyma Cells: Structure, Types, Functions appeared first on Biology Learner written by Animesh Sahoo ..read more

Collenchyma is a simple permanent tissue composed of living cells with thickened walls. It is a part of the ground tissue and provides support and mechanical strength to the plants. The word collenchyma is derived from the Greek words colla and enchyma. Colla means give, and enchyma means infusion (i.e., tissue). Definition of Collenchyma Cells […] The post Collenchyma Cells: Structure, Types, Functions appeared first on Biology Learner written by Animesh Sahoo ..read more

Parenchyma is a simple permanent tissue that makes up large portions of various plant organs. It consists of thin-walled living parenchymatous cells. The word parenchyma comes from the Greek words para and enchyma. Para means besides, and enchyma means infusion (i.e., tissue). Parenchyma is called the fundamental tissue of the plant as it forms the […] The post Parenchyma Cells: Structure, Types, Functions appeared first on Biology Learner written by Animesh Sahoo ..read more

Fungi lack the chlorophyll pigment essential for independent existence. Hence, they must get their food from other living organisms or from dead or decaying organic matter. Economical fungi have great importance in various aspects, like increasing soil fertility, the uses of various industries, antibiotics, drugs, organic acids, and the production of enzymes, vitamins, and hormones […] The post Economic Importance of Fungi appeared first on Biology Learner written by Animesh Sahoo ..read more

Bacteria exert both deleterious and benefical effects on human life. Beneficial species liberate fertilizer elements for growing crops, destroy sewage and other wastes, and produce valuable chemicals. Some species are harmful for animals as well as humans. Beneficial and harmful aspects of bacteria are briefly discussed below: Beneficial Activities 1. To increase soil fertility 2. […] The post Economic Importance of Bacteria appeared first on Biology Learner written by Animesh Sahoo ..read more

The Pteridospermales or Cycadofilicales are characteristic gymnospermous plants that bore fern-like foliage, which in turn bore seeds that were unprotected. Hence, they are known as seed ferns. Pteridospermales is a very large order that includes a heterogeneous assemblage of tree-like organisms. The plants lived through the Carboniferous period, reached their climax, and became extinct in […] The post Pteridospermales (Cycadofilicales): An Overview appeared first on Biology Learner written by Animesh Sahoo ..read more

The Bennettitales (Cycadeoidales) are a fossil group found from the Triassic to the lower Cretaceous, but were predominant in the Jurassic period of the Mesozoic era in South America, North America, India, and many other places, mainly in the southern hemisphere. The members of this group were cycad-like plants. Recent investigations have shown that the […] The post Bennettitales (Cycadeoidales): An Overview appeared first on Biology Learner written by Animesh Sahoo ..read more

Sexuality in fungi is diverse and fascinating. In fungi, gradual degeneration of sexuality can be observed. Degeneration of sexuality means functional and structural degeneration of sex organs, leading to the progressive simplification of the process. Before discussing the degeneration of sexuality, here is a brief explanation of how sexual reproduction is accomplished in fungi. Sexual […] The post Degeneration of Sexuality in Fungi appeared first on Biology Learner written by Animesh Sahoo ..read more

Fungi are eukaryotic, spore-bearing microorganisms. They are heterotrophic (i.e., can’t produce their own food through photosynthesis) and digest food externally by releasing hydrolytic enzymes into their surroundings. Fungi have unicellular or multicellular organization, but the structure of cells is uniformly the same in all organizations. The cells are eukaryotic and consist of all the cell […] The post Structure of Fungal Cell with Diagram appeared first on Biology Learner written by Animesh Sahoo ..read more

The classification of the fungi is a very challenging task since it presents various problems that originate from the differences of opinion of different workers. The situation becomes even more difficult as we learn new facts about the fungi, which often demand a change in the concept of their relationship and reclassification. As the classification […] The post Classification of Fungi appeared first on Biology Learner written by Animesh Sahoo ..read more