Bromocresol Green Indicator Bromocresol green (BCG) is a dye that is used in chemistry as a pH indicator in acid-base titration and in thin-layer chromatography staining solutions to visualize acidic compounds. The aqueous indicator solution of bromocresol green is yellow below pH 3.8 and blue above pH 5.4. It is also important in clinical diagnosis for measuring serum albumin concentration within mammalian blood samples and DNA agarose gel electrophoresis. The chemical formula of bromocresol green is C21H14Br4O5S. The aqueous solution of bromocresol green indicator is yellow below pH 3.8 and ..read more

What are Metals? Metals in chemistry are chemical elements that are good conductors of heat and electricity and form positive ions by losing electrons. On the basis of properties, 118 chemical elements present in the periodic table can be divided into two main groups metals and non-metals. Metal is a substance that is produced naturally on our earth’s surface. Around 95 of the 118 elements in the periodic table are classified as metals. Most of the metal is very strong and durable. Therefore, they are used for making various daily items such as automobiles, satellites, cooking utensils, etc ..read more

What is Water Electrolysis? Water electrolysis is the process where water can split into hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) through the application of electricity or electrical energy. Most of the hydrogen gas produced or used worldwide is created through the electrolysis of water. The Dutch merchants Jan Rudolph Deiman and Adriaan Paets van Troostwijk first represented the electrolysis of water in 1789. They use an electrostatic machine to make electricity and discharge between two gold electrodes immersed in water. After the development of Volta’s battery technology by Johann Wilhelm Ritter ..read more

What is Polymerase Chain Reaction? Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in biology and chemistry is a laboratory technique used for making millions to billions of copies of a specific DNA molecule. PCR is a cell-free amplification technique used for synthesizing multiple copies of any DNA molecule for medical, forensic, and biological research. Polymerase chain reaction can help scientists amplify a very small DNA sample to a sufficient amount. PCR technique was developed in 1983 by American biochemist Karry Mullis and received a Nobel prize in 1993 for his discovery. Today, PCR is a basic tool in ..read more

What are Biopolymers? Biopolymers are natural polymers or polymeric biomolecules produced by the cells of living organisms. They are monomeric units that are covalently bonded to form larger molecules. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), protein, and carbohydrates are the most common biopolymer materials produced in the cells of living organisms. The name biopolymer originates from the Greek words bio meaning nature and polymer meaning living organisms. They are the organic substances found in natural sources such as plants, animals, microorganisms, and agricultural wastes. S ..read more

What is Recombinant DNA Technology? Recombinant DNA technology (rDNA technology) is a process that is used for producing artificial DNA through the combination of different genetic materials (DNA) from different sources. Recombinant DNA is possible because DNA molecules from all organisms have the same chemical structure but differ only in the nucleotide sequence. The idea of recombinant DNA technology emerged from the discovery of restriction enzymes by Swiss microbiologist Werner Arber. The first publications that describe the successful production of recombinant DNA appeared in 1972 and 19 ..read more

What is Nucleotide? A nucleotide that contains a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group in its structure is the basic building block of nucleic acids − deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Nucleotides are organic biopolymers that can be synthesized in our bodies and are essential for our life. Purine and pyrimidine nucleotides are the main structural components of DNA, RNA, and some coenzymes of B vitamins. They are the monomeric units of nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) and coenzymes. Nucleotides involve a wide variety of metabolic functions – energy metab ..read more

What are Nucleic Acids? Nucleic acids are biopolymers, macromolecules that carry genetic information and participate in protein synthesis. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are the two classes of nucleic acids for all known forms of life. They are long-chain polymers composed of nucleotides. These nucleotides are the monomer components that contain a sugar unit, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. When the sugar unit is ribose, the polymer is RNA but if the sugar unit is deoxyribose, the polymer is DNA. The sugars and phosphates in nucleic acids are connected ..read more

What is DNA? Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the polymer of deoxyribonucleotides which is found in most animals, plants, and some viruses. Deoxyribonucleic acid carries genetic instructions for the development, growth, biological functioning, and reproduction of all known living organisms. Therefore, it is a biological instructor that makes each species unique. Hydrolysis of deoxyribonucleic acids by certain enzymes formed a mixture of monomers. Like proteins, lipids, and complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides), nucleic acids such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are o ..read more

What is Collagen Protein? Collagen is the most abundant protein in mammals that forms approximately one-third of the total body protein. Collagen is a type of protein that is found mostly in our connective tissue of cartilage, bones, tendons, ligaments, and skin. The structure of collagen contains several amino acids which bound together to form a triple helix of the elongated fibril. Collagen protein forms 90% of the organic matrix of bones, 85% of tendons, 70% of skin, and 4% of the liver. It is also found in some other parts of our body such as teeth, cornea, and blood vessels. The functio ..read more