"Off-pump" coronary bypass bypass surgery (OPCAB) was developed in response to concerns regarding the potential side effects of CPB. The goal of this procedure is to achieve total revascularization while avoiding CPB. Positioning the heart for transplantation without compromising hemodynamics is achieved with the use of several retraction devices and deep pericardial sutures. A platform that provides stability reduces movement at the arteriotomy site. After performing an arteriotomy, ischemia can be reduced via intracoronary or aortocoronary shunting. a Switch to on-pump surgery can ..read more

Hypernatremia and the resulting hyperosmolar state impact various bodily functions. One well-known consequence is its influence on neurological function. The occurrence of hypernatremia and subsequent hyperosmolality triggers a movement of free water from within cells to the extracellular space. This shift results in the shrinkage of brain cells, potentially leading to vascular rupture and persistent neurological impairments in severe cases. Cerebral demyelination, a feared complication in addressing hyponatremia, has also been observed in hypernatremia cases of diverse origins. Individuals w ..read more

 Cephalosporins are a group of antibiotics that are commonly used in the treatment of bacterial infections. They are classified into different generations based on their spectrum of activity against different bacteria. Second and third-generation cephalosporins are two groups of antibiotics that have significant differences in their structure, mechanism of action, and clinical uses. Structure and Mechanism of Action The key difference between second and third-generation cephalosporins is their chemical structure. Second-generation cephalosporins have a shorter side chain than third-genera ..read more

 Third-generation cephalosporins are a group of antibiotics that are commonly used in the management of bacterial infections. These antibiotics are known for their broad spectrum of activity against Gram-negative bacteria, which makes them particularly useful in the treatment of severe infections caused by these pathogens. Structure and Mechanism of Action Cephalosporins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics that are structurally similar to penicillins. They work by inhibiting the bacterial cell wall synthesis, leading to the death of the bacteria. Third-generation cephalosporins are mo ..read more

 Fast track anesthesia schemes are multi-modal approaches that aim to reduce the physiological stress response to surgery, enhance recovery, and improve patient outcomes. These schemes typically involve several aspects of perioperative care, including anesthesia management, surgical technique, pain management, fluid management, and early mobilization. Here are some common fast track anesthesia schemes: Multi-modal analgesia: This approach involves the use of various analgesic agents, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), acetaminophen, and opioids, in combination to pr ..read more

Ketamine is a powerful anesthetic drug that has been used in medical settings for decades. However, its effects on the brain have also led to its use as a recreational drug, leading to controversy surrounding its use. Despite its negative associations, recent research has shown promising potential for the drug in the treatment of mental health conditions such as depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). History and Use Ketamine was first developed in the 1960s as an anesthetic drug for medical use. It quickly gained popularity due to its fast-acting and potent effects, and became ..read more

 Propofol and thiopental sodium are both intravenous anesthetic agents used for the induction of anesthesia, but there are several differences between the two agents: Onset and duration of action: Propofol has a more rapid onset of action compared to thiopental sodium, meaning it takes effect more quickly after administration. Propofol also has a shorter duration of action compared to thiopental sodium, which allows for quicker recovery after the procedure. Mechanism of action: Propofol works by enhancing the activity of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, while thiopental sodium en ..read more

 Second-generation cephalosporins are a class of antibiotics that were developed in the 1970s. They are derived from the same fungus, Acremonium, as the first-generation cephalosporins. However, they have a broader spectrum of activity and are effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Some of the most commonly used second-generation cephalosporins include cefuroxime, cefoxitin, and cefotetan. These antibiotics are effective against a wide range of bacteria, including Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Bacteroides fragilis. Second-generation cephalo ..read more

 First-generation cephalosporins are a class of antibiotics that have been used for over 50 years to treat a variety of bacterial infections. They are structurally similar to penicillins and have a similar mechanism of action, inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. As a result, they are primarily effective against gram-positive organisms. Some of the most commonly used first-generation cephalosporins include cefazolin, cephalexin, and cephalothin. These antibiotics have a broad spectrum of activity and are effective against a wide range of bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, St ..read more

 Cephalosporins are a group of antibiotics that are widely used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. They are classified into several classes based on their chemical structure and antibacterial activity. In this article, we will discuss the different classes of cephalosporins and their properties: First-generation cephalosporins: These cephalosporins have excellent activity against gram-positive bacteria, such as staphylococci and streptococci. However, they have limited activity against gram-negative bacteria. Examples of first-generation cephalosporins include cephalexin and cef ..read more