There are two main water systems types that are used for most engineering design and calculations: pressurized (or closed) pipes for water distribution and non-pressurized (or open) pipes for water collection. Pressurized pipes are typically used for water supply, and they get their name from the fact that the pressure for any cross-section along the pipe, the pressure difference between the top and bottom of the pipe does not vary (except for the elevation head). In these types of systems, pressure is lost as water travels along the pipes due to friction. The pressure is typically suppl ..read more

Dampness Dampness is the presence of gravitational moisture into the walls, flooring of roofs, one of the basic provision of the building is that should remain dry free from moisture travelling through building parts like a wall. Dampness is to reduce the strength of building components. Dampness prevention is the most part of building or structure design, Every building should be a damp proofing course. Provision of damp proofing course is to prevent the entry of moisture into the building structure. Causes of dampness in building 1. Moisture rising up the walls from ground 2. Rains t ..read more