Respiratory syncytial virus was isolated from the cold-like respiratory tract of chimpanzees in 1956. It is called respiratory syncytial virus because it causes the fusion of adjacent cells during cell culture and the formation of syncytial-like structures in the cells. According to different virus species, it is divided into human respiratory syncytial virus (isolated from infant respiratory specimens in 1957), bovine respiratory syncytial virus and murine respiratory syncytial virus. Epidemiology of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Respiratory syncytial virus is the most important viral ..read more

Snake bites seriously threaten public health security in tropical and subtropical countries and regions. Due to the high mortality and disability rates caused by venomous snake bites, there are an estimated 1.8 to 2.7 million snake bites worldwide each year, with 81,000 to 138,000 related deaths. Snake venom protein components and their abundance are closely related to the symptoms caused by snake bites. Rapid identification of the type of venomous snake bite is very important to obtain the best clinical treatment as early as possible. Snake venom is a natural protein secreted by the venom gla ..read more

Procalcitonin (PCT) is the propeptide of calcitonin. The production of procalcitonin during infection and sepsis does not depend on calcitonin levels, but is closely related to the release of endotoxin and inflammatory mediators in bacterial infection. Traditional biological markers, clinical symptoms, and signs lack sufficient sensitivity and specificity to guide treatment decisions for infectious diseases. As a recently applied biomarker, procalcitonin is increasingly supported by increasing evidence that detecting serum procalcitonin concentration can be used to early diagnose the type of i ..read more

GLP-2 (glucagon-likepeptide-2) was discovered and named by the Lilly Laboratory in the United States when cloning the proglucagon gene (PG). In 1996, Drucker et al. discovered that the active ingredient in proglucagon-derived peptide (PGDP) that promotes intestinal mucosal growth is GLP-2. Its effect is stronger than other growth factors that have been discovered, and its growth-promoting effect is organ-specific (limited to the stomach and intestine), GLP-2 began to be valued and studied. Subsequent animal experiments and human studies have shown that the main function of GLP-2 is to stimulat ..read more

Genetically engineered drugs are introduced into host cells such as Escherichia coli, yeast or mammalian cells through recombinant technology to construct engineering strains or cell strains, and then undergo specific expression, assembly, folding and post-translational modification processes to produce drugs with corresponding Bioactive macromolecules. Endogenous proteins derived from host cells are called host cell proteins (HCPs). Their composition is complex. Depending on the selected host cells and production processes, the isoelectric point (3-11), hydrophobicity, relative the molecular ..read more

The incidence and prevalence of diabetes are increasing year by year globally, and patients with diabetes are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease and heart failure. Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) refers to the presence of abnormal myocardial structure and performance in the absence of other heart-related risk factors (such as coronary artery-related disease, hypertension, and severe valvular disease). DCM can lead to cardiac systolic or diastolic dysfunction, further causing heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and heart failure with normal ejection fraction, seriously affecting ..read more

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) belongs to the herpesvirus alpha subfamily and has a unique 4-layer structure. The core of HSV is a linear double-stranded DNA of about 152 000 bp, surrounded by an icosahedral capsid. The outer capsid is a membrane, which contains more than 20 important proteins that can regulate the virus replication cycle. It is a characteristic structure of herpes viruses, can connect the capsid and envelope to form a complete virus particle. The outermost layer of HSV is the lipid bilayer envelope, which contains at least 12 viral membrane proteins (gB, gC, gD, gE, gG, gH, gI, g ..read more

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with an insidious onset. Clinically, it is characterized by comprehensive dementia manifestations such as memory impairment, aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, impairment of visuospatial skills, executive dysfunction, and personality and behavioral changes. Alzheimer’s disease is progressive and irreversible and can only be delayed with medication. Once it develops into moderate or severe disease, it will cause significant harm to the lives of patients and their families. Figure 1. Schematic overview of invasive biomarkers. Pathologi ..read more

As a tumor suppressor, p53 is one of the most commonly mutated genes in human cancers. Due to its important role in tumor suppression, p53 has attracted great interest from researchers in drug development. As a transcription factor, p53 is directly or indirectly involved in regulating many genes, including cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, senescence, and DNA repair. In recent years, p53 has become one of the most important and attractive drug targets in cancer treatment. This article will review research on p53-based gene therapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Figure 1. The p53 pathway. Ov ..read more

The tumor microenvironment is composed of tumor cells and non-tumor cells (including fibroblasts, vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells, various immune cells) and extracellular components (such as extracellular matrix, cytokines, inflammatory factors, chemokines, etc.) in tumor tissues. Factors, etc.) interact to form a dynamic and complex network structure. Among them, chemokine receptors can participate in a variety of physiological and pathological processes after binding to their ligands, such as cell growth, development, differentiation, apoptosis, tissue damage and repair, etc. Chemok ..read more