How do you start adding unit tests to your Python code? Can the built-in unittest framework cover most or all of your needs? Christopher Trudeau is back on the show this week, bringing another batch of PyCoder's Weekly articles and projects. [ Improve Your Python With ? Python Tricks ? – Get a short & sweet Python Trick delivered to your inbox every couple of days. >> Click here to learn more and see examples ..read more

CRUD operations are at the heart of nearly every application you interact with. As a developer, you usually want to create data, read or retrieve data, update data, and delete data. Whether you access a database or interact with a REST API, only when all four operations are present are you able to make a complete data roundtrip in your app. Creating, reading, updating, and deleting are so vital in software development that these methods are widely referred to as CRUD. Understanding CRUD will give you an actionable blueprint when you build applications and help you understand how the applicati ..read more

Python’s iterators and iterables are two different but related tools that come in handy when you need to iterate over a data stream or container. Iterators power and control the iteration process, while iterables typically hold data that you want to iterate over one value at a time. Iterators and iterables are fundamental components of Python programming, and you’ll have to deal with them in almost all your programs. Learning how they work and how to create them is key for you as a Python developer. In this video course, you’ll learn how to: Create iterators using the iterator protocol in Pyt ..read more

A pivot table is a data analysis tool that allows you to take columns of raw data from a pandas DataFrame, summarize them, and then analyze the summary data to reveal its insights. Pivot tables allow you to perform common aggregate statistical calculations such as sums, counts, averages, and so on. Often, the information a pivot table produces reveals trends and other observations your original raw data hides. Pivot tables were originally implemented in early spreadsheet packages and are still a commonly used feature of the latest ones. They can also be found in modern database applications a ..read more

The Python calendar module provides several ways to generate calendars for Python programs. It also includes a variety of functions for working with calendar data as strings, numbers, and datetime objects. In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to use the calendar module to create and customize calendars with Python. By the end of this tutorial, you’ll be able to: Display calendars in your terminal with Python Create plain text and HTML calendars Format calendars for specific locales and display conventions Use calendar-related functions and methods to access lower-level calendar data in a varie ..read more

Python has a lot of GUI frameworks, but Tkinter is the only framework that’s built into the Python standard library. Tkinter has several strengths. It’s cross-platform, so the same code works on Windows, macOS, and Linux. Visual elements are rendered using native operating system elements, so applications built with Tkinter look like they belong on the platform where they’re run. Although Tkinter is considered the de facto Python GUI framework, it’s not without criticism. One notable criticism is that GUIs built with Tkinter look outdated. If you want a shiny, modern interface, then Tkinter ma ..read more

What's it like to learn Python as a visually impaired or blind developer? How can you improve the accessibility of your Python web applications and learn current guidelines? This week on the show, Real Python community member Audrey van Breederode discusses her programming journey, web accessibility, and assistive technology. [ Improve Your Python With ? Python Tricks ? – Get a short & sweet Python Trick delivered to your inbox every couple of days. >> Click here to learn more and see examples ..read more

Python has a complete set of built-in exceptions that provide a quick and efficient way to handle errors and exceptional situations that may happen in your code. Knowing the most commonly used built-in exceptions is key for you as a Python developer. This knowledge will help you debug code because each exception has a specific meaning that can shed light on your debugging process. You’ll also be able to handle and raise most of the built-in exceptions in your Python code, which is a great way to deal with errors and exceptional situations without having to create your own custom exceptions. I ..read more

In this quiz, you’ll test your understanding of CRUD Operations. By working through this quiz, you’ll revisit the key concepts and techniques related to CRUD operations. Good luck! [ Improve Your Python With ? Python Tricks ? – Get a short & sweet Python Trick delivered to your inbox every couple of days. >> Click here to learn more and see examples ..read more

When you want to build websites as a Python programmer, there’s no way around HTML and CSS. Almost every website on the Internet is built with HTML markup to structure the page. To make a website look nice, you can style HTML with CSS. If you’re interested in web development with Python, then knowing HTML and CSS will help you understand web frameworks like Django and Flask better. But even if you’re just getting started with Python, HTML and CSS can enable you to create small websites to impress your friends. In this video course, you’ll learn how to: Structure a basic HTML file View and ins ..read more