The primary data required for the detailed development of a pipe rack includes the following: 1. Specifications / Design basis 2. Project design data including future requirement 3. Site plan and plot plan 4. Process Flow diagrams. / P&IDs, UFDs 5. Fireproofing Requirement. 6. Structural Consideration. 7. Grading information, if not available in the plot plan. The following details need to be considered: 1.  Main pipe runs outside the unit. 2.  Location of utility and process lines entering and leaving unit B/L. 3.  Required location of cooling water main, whether b ..read more

EQUIPMENT LAYOUT Basic engineering supplier provide the initial information for doing equipment layout work. Piping Department does layout studies in consultation with process, civil, electrical, instrumentation, operations, maintenance and construction for preparing the equipment layout. With the help of PFD, P&ID, Site Plan, Vendor data, Equipment Data sheets, Plant North, prevailing wind direction and below mentioned points, equipment general arrangement should be prepared to finalize overall plot size required, major structural requirement, pipe rack widths, access roads and widths et ..read more

  BUTTERFLY VALVE            Butterfly valves are quarter-turn valves that are popular for on-off or modulating services. They are lightweight, have a small installation footprint, lower cost, quick operation, and are available with large orifice sizes. The “butterfly” is a disk connected to a rod. When the valve opens, the disk rotates to allow fluid to pass through. It closes when the rod rotates the disc by a quarter turn to a position perpendicular to the flow direction.  3 Main Butterfly Valves Types:         1)  ..read more

  Importance of Pump Alignment: Power is transmitted from a motor to a pump by connecting the motor and pump shafts. They can be directly connected using a straight shaft or joined together by a flexible coupling. In some systems, belts are also used between the motor and the pump or the motor and the coupling. Misaligned shafts lead to costly and unplanned downtime. They also often result in damaged seals. Consequently, broken seals can cause lubrication problems and leaks.  Misalignment can occur in three ways:     Radial (offset or parallel) misalignment ..read more

 GATE VALVE A gate valve is generally used to completely shut off fluid flow or, in the fully open position, provide full flow in a pipeline. Thus it is used either in the fully closed or fully open positions. A gate valve consists of a valve body, seat and disc, a spindle, gland, and a wheel for operating the valve. WORKING OF GATE VALVE: PARTS OF GATE VALVE 1) Bonnet :       The bonnet of a gate valve contains the moving parts and is attached to the valve body. The bonnet can be removed from the body in order to allow for maintenance and replacing parts ..read more

  Hydrostatic & Pneumatic Procedure Hydrostatic testing is most often preferred over pneumatic testing because of safety considerations. Water is the preferred fluid medium for hydrostatic testing. In addition to its relatively incompressible nature, it is also the safest fluid because it is nontoxic and nonflammable and it remains in liquid form down to atmospheric pressure unless heated above the boiling point. Water is readily and economically available. ASME B31.1, section 137.4.3, specifies water as the test fluid for hydrostatic tests unless otherwise specified. ASME B31.3, sect ..read more

 PIPE JOINTS Pipe Joints are used to couple runs of piping, to provide branches from Main Header  , change the direction , connection to Valves & Equipment .The common types of joints are : Butt welds Socket welds Threaded Joints Bolted Flanges Mechanical couplings. 1) Butt welds:  Butt welded joints are most common types of joints used for 2 inch and higher dia Piping.This type of joint is not normally used on below 2 inch & below, except when High stress , corrosion or other conditions that would affect joint. The end preparations are designated by welding codes an ..read more

 PIPE SIZES AND MATERIALS STANDARD PIPING SIZES Piping is divided into three major categories: • LARGE BORE PIPE generally includes piping which is greater than two inches in diameter • SMALL BORE PIPE generally includes piping which is two inches and smaller in diameter • TUBING is supplied in sizes up to four inches in diameter but has a wall thickness less than that of either large bore or small bore piping and is typically joined by compression fittings The term diameter for piping sizes is identified by nominal size. The manufacture of nominal sizes of 1/8inch through 12&nbs ..read more

SCRUBBER Scrubbers remove unwanted gases and particulate matter from industrial smokestacks before they enter the atmosphere. The two main types of scrubbers wet scrubbers and dry scrubbers can reduce up to 90 percent of emissions that contribute to smog and acid rain. WET SCRUBBER:  Wet scrubbers are utilized when a gas stream becomes contaminated by particulate or a gas, or a combination of both. Some gas pollutants could be ammonia, chlorine, or sulfur compounds. In the wet scrubber, these gasses will be dissolved or absorbed into the scrubbing liquid. The liquid many times ..read more

 STEAM TRAP  A steam trap is a device used to discharge condensates and non-condensable gases with a negligible consumption or loss of live steam. Steam traps are nothing more than automatic valves. They open, close or modulate automatically. The three important functions of steam traps are: Discharge condensate as soon as it is formed (unless it is desirable to use the sensible heat of the liquid condensate) Have a negligible steam consumption (i.e. being energy efficient) Have the capability of discharging air and other non-condensable gases. TYPES OF STEAM ..read more