OSI MODEL OSI stands for Open System Interaction. It has been developed by International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in the  year 1984. It has 7 layers models with each layer having specific function to perform. All these layers work cordinally to transmit data from one source to another destination across the globe. LAYERS OF OSI MODEL Physical layer Data link layer Network layer Transport layer Session layer Presentation layer Application layer PHYSICAL LAYER This layer of OSI model represent the physical connection between the systems. It contains the information in the fo ..read more

The photographic superimposition technique is today, a widely used and accepted method to identify individual’s photograph with the skull. It is based on the fact that no two skulls are exactly alike in all their dimensions and proportions. Accordingly, no skull can match any photograph, unless the skull belongs to the same person whose photograph is made available. The identification of a dead body is one of the important problems of police work. Several methods are in vogue, which can help identify a dead body. However, if a body is decomposed and only the skeletal remains are available then ..read more

Importance of Burnt Remains It has been estimated that arsonist causes almost 40% of all fires. It may be with a view to make fraudulent insurance claim or to take revenge or will fully causing destruction to property or loss of life. The task of investigating the cause of fire rests on the police investigator. Unlike other crime scenes, the scene of arson requires special care and consideration, as even before the investigator would have arrived at the scene firemen and other persons trying to put off the blaze, would have disturbed the place. The physical evidence in the form of burnt remain ..read more

A drug can be defined as a natural or synthetic substance that is used to produce physiological effects in human beings. But nowadays, the meaning of drugs changes from person to person. To some, drugs are a necessity for sustaining and prolonging life; to others drugs gives  an escape from the pressures of life. The law enforcement agency is concerned with the latter type of drug, which is widely abused. The term “narcotic” is deduced from the Greek work ‘narkotikos”, which implies a state of lethargy or promptness. Pharmacologically narcotics are substances that bring relief from pain a ..read more

Narcotics and dangerous drugs can be categorized by the effect. They may be depressants, stimulants or hallucinogens. 1.DEPRESSION: Depressants act upon the central nervous system and decelerates  its activity. Drug abusers name it as “high” which means a state of well- being and comfort an escape from the reality with which they cannot manage. This imagined state of mind is called euphoria. The following drugs all in this category: (1) Opium: Opium is the milky-white juice that is attained from the cover of the poppy plant, Papaver Somniferum. The substance darkens to blackish brown colo ..read more

Any object that contains handwritten, typewritten or printed markings whose source or authenticity is in doubt, is referred to as “questioned document’. Such a broad definition covers all the written and printed materials that are normally encountered in our daily social and business activities. Letters, cheques, money receipts, money order forms, account books, bills, driving licences, contracts, wills, sale deeds, passports, lottery tickets are more common documents encountered as evidence. 3. Care, Handling and Preservation of Documents. The value of document diminishes with careless handli ..read more

What is computer crime? Computer crime has been defined in many different ways such as, “those acts where there is a direct involvement of computers to commit the crime”.  The UK Audit Commission has defined computer fraud as, “any  fraudulent behaviour connected with computerization by which someone intends to gain dishonest advantage.” ‘Cyber Forensics’ is term related with computer crime that deals with discovery, analysis and reconstruction of evidence from computer systems, networks, media and peripherals, to enable the investigators to solve the crime. More broadly computer cri ..read more

With the development of time and depending upon the seed of better firearm, it went under several modifications to overcome the flaws of previous variant of the firearm. This led to the availability of numerous range of firearms, each having unique feature and specific quality, These variability among firearms leads to categorization which is done on the basis of different parameter which is as follows:- Loading Characteristics Firearm is nothing without in ammunition. Since the earliest of times till date many types of firearms came into the trade with different ways of loading of ammunition ..read more

Forgery may be defined as the creation of any false written document or alteration of a genuine one, with the intent to defraud. Forgery is also committed by  offering, issuing or transferring such a writing in an attempt to defraud another . Modes of forgery may include bills of exchange, bills of lading, promissory notes, checks, bonds, receipts, order for money or goods, mortgages, discharges of mortgages, deeds, bonds, records, account books and certain kind of tickets or passes for transportation or events etc. Types of forgery For the purpose of the subject of identification and com ..read more

1. Introduction In police investigations, it has always been a problem to identify a wanted suspect, or missing persons or those required for the purposes of elimination from enquiries. A police officer is required to be proficient in observation and an outline to enable him. (a) To memorise the faces and features of persons or criminals so that he can recognise them when he sees them at any time subsequently. (b) To note down the descriptions of convicted or suspected criminals in a very  manner other officers can recognise or identify them when seen by them later or heard from the descr ..read more