This article will examine the HOMA-IR Test, also known as the Homeostatic Model Assessment. This test serves as a critical tool in diagnosing and understanding insulin resistance. Here, we will demystify the complex process of the test and elucidate its integral role in the early detection and treatment of insulin resistance and related conditions. As ..read more

The world of hematology, studying the intricacies of blood, its disease, and their treatments, often involves sifting through many complex terminologies, abbreviations and acronyms. This article seeks to unravel the abbreviations associated with a Complete Blood Count (also known as a hemogram), aiming to provide a clear and comprehensive understanding for students, researchers, medical professionals ..read more

Multiple components in the blood are analyzed as part of standard blood work panels. Some of the typical components checked are hemoglobin, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelet count. Two less well-known components are MCH (Mean corpuscular hemoglobin) and MCHC (Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration). They are commonly referred to red blood cell indices ..read more

One of the things being checked in a routine urinary exam is the presence of a cast in urine. the urinary cast is a minute cluster of particles in urine, which usually consists of fatty bodies, bacteria, and cells, encased in a protein matrix. The presence of a cast is one of the indicators used ..read more

Introduction The word Nucleus is a common term in biology. The Nucleus is an integral component of every cell. The Nucleus is a special type of membrane-bounded structure found in cells. The Nucleus contains a genetic material made up of eukaryotic organisms. In a eukaryotic cell, the Nucleus is present at the center and is ..read more

Earthworms are segmented worms and have a dual circulatory system – a closed circulation and an open circulation. The closed circulatory system is respiratory in function with hearts and blood vessels. Dorsal and Ventral vessels are the main longitudinal vessels.The open circulatory system has free moving coelomic fluid with suspended cells to provide immunity.  Closed ..read more

Respiration is comprised of breathing in and out of respiratory gases and their exchange in the circulation. In frogs, the respiration takes place by two major mechanisms. Pulmonary circulation – through lungs Cutaneous circulation – through skin Apart from the above mechanisms, some amount of respiration takes place through the mucosa of the buccal cavity ..read more

The Urinogenital system or Urogenital system of frog is comprised of: Excretory System Reproductive System Functionally, the excretory system is concerned with excretion of waste products and the reproductive system is concerned with producing progeny. In frogs, the reproductive organs are different in both sexes. Excretory System of Frog Frogs are ureotelic animals whose primary ..read more

Digestion is the process of breaking down of complex nutrients in the food into their simpler subunits which can be easily absorbed and utilised for energy production. Frog’s digestion begins with ingestion of the food into the mouth followed by chewing, swallowing, digestion, absorption, assimilation and gets completed with expulsion of the waste materials. To ..read more

Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones having general formula (CH2O) n. Carbohydrates are the most found compounds in nature and the important structural parts of all living organisms. Plants also produce carbohydrate that is glucose as a result of photosynthesis, and the excess food is stored in the form of another carbohydrate that is ..read more