In the ever-evolving landscape of digital connectivity, the comparison between Wi-Fi and Private 5G technology is a recurring conversation. Both promise significant advancements in speed, reliability, and efficiency, but they operate in different contexts and serve distinct purposes. Wi-Fi: Powerful But Limited Range Speed and Efficiency: Wi-Fi (the latest iteration of the Wi-Fi standard) builds upon its predecessors to deliver incredible performance in home and smaller enterprise environments. Peak speeds can reach up to 5.6 gigabits per second (Gbps), achieved through advanced modulation te ..read more

The use of the non-3GPP Interworking Function (N3IWF) facilitates interworking between the 5G Core Network (5GCN) and untrusted non-3GPP networks. With support for both N2 and N3 interfaces towards the 5GCN, the N3IWF serves as a gateway for the 5GCN. Furthermore, with support for IPsec between the UE and the N3IWF, N3IWF offers a secure connection for the UE accessing the 5GCN over non-3GPP access networks. The architecture of an untrusted non-3GPP network interacting with the 5G core is described in the paper, along with the interfaces, protocols, and techniques that are employed, as well as ..read more

The introduction of 5G mobile and cellular technology marks a pivotal shift in industrial systems. Facing numerous challenges, these systems are finding a promising solution in private 5G deployments, also known as “5G Network in a Box” (NIB). The integration of programmability and open-source principles is crucial for their success. Recent regulatory initiatives further facilitate the establishment of localized 5G networks with dedicated hardware by industrial stakeholders. To capitalize on these advancements, we developed an innovative demonstration showcasing an advanced, open, and customiz ..read more

Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs) are advanced wireless communication systems situated above the Earth’s surface. These networks are established using satellites in low, medium, or geostationary orbits, drones, high-altitude platforms (HAPs), and other aerial technologies. NTNs are unique in their ability to offer continuous global coverage, which is crucial for communication in scenarios requiring high reliability and resilience, such as natural disasters or other situations where traditional terrestrial networks might be disrupted. A key aspect of 5G architecture is the Centralized Unit (CU) a ..read more

Introduction The integration of non-3GPP Interworking Function (N3IWF) is pivotal in facilitating seamless communication between the 5G Core Network (5GCN) and untrusted non-3GPP networks. This article delineates the architecture, protocols, and functionalities essential for realizing this integration, elucidating the significance of such interworking in augmenting the capabilities and reach of 5G networks. Architecture Overview The architecture involves utilizing the N3IWF as a gateway to the 5GCN, ensuring secure connectivity for User Equipment (UE) accessing the network via non-3GPP access ..read more

The term “smart Healthcare” describes the fusion of technology and healthcare services to deliver individualized, effective, and trustworthy Healthcare. In order to predict diseases, provide remote healthcare services, and remotely monitor patients, a variety of devices, sensors, and data analytics are used. HOW DOES SMART HEALTHCARE WORK? A network of linked sensors and devices that gathers data in real time about patients’ activities, health conditions, and vital signs powers smart Healthcare. LoRaWAN, a low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technology that facilitates long-range communication ..read more

Network Mode Options for 5G NR as specified by 3GPP The 8 options are divided into two groups: Standalone (SA) and Non-Standalone (NSA). In SA mode, only one radio access technology is used, either LTE or NR. Both control and user planes go through the same RAN element. This mode simplifies the deployment and network management, but requires inter-RAT handover for service continuity. In NSA mode, multiple radio access technologies are combined. Control plane goes through the master node, while data plane is split across the master and secondary nodes. This mode enables tight interworking betwe ..read more

5G URLLC, or ultra-reliable low latency communications, is designed for services that have strict availability and latency requirements. 5G mobile networks that support ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC) need to have low latency and few lost or jumbled packet arrivals. The user plane must have a one-way latency of 1 ms according to ITU-R (International Telecommunication Union Radiocommunications Division) specifications. Many 5G wireless communication applications are made possible by URLLC (ultra-reliable low latency communications), assuming that the necessary latency and reli ..read more

Network Mode Options for 5G NR as specified by 3GPP The 8 options are divided into two groups: Standalone (SA) and Non-Standalone (NSA). In SA mode, only one radio access technology is used, either LTE or NR. Both control and user planes go through the same RAN element. This mode simplifies the deployment and network management, but requires inter-RAT handover for service continuity. In NSA mode, multiple radio access technologies are combined. Control plane goes through the master node, while data plane is split across the master and secondary nodes. This mode enables tight interworking betwe ..read more

Communication networks that don’t exclusively rely on conventional terrestrial infrastructure, like fiber optic cables or cellular towers situated on land, are referred to as non-terrestrial networks, or NTNs. Rather, NTN uses a range of non-terrestrial platforms and technologies to offer connectivity. Here are some key elements and examples of NTN Underwater Communication Networks: Another type of non-terrestrial connectivity, although not always covered by the term NTN, are underwater communication networks. Applications like offshore energy operations, underwater surveillance, and oceanogra ..read more