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 Female reproduction system : Ovary :- • Primary sex organ. • Paired and abdominal. • Mesovarium helps to hold ovary with peritoneum by dorsal side of ovary. • Ovarian ligament helps to hold ovary with uterine wall. • Suspensory ligament helps to hold ovary by lateral side. • Internal ovary is distinct in outer cortex zone and inner medulla zone. • Fluid connective mass in ovary is called stroma. • Oogenesis start at foetal life and get arrested at diplotene stage. • At the time of birth, couple of million of follicles are present in ovaries. • At puberty each ovary has 60000-80000 follic ..read more

 Sperm : • Sperm + Secretion of accessory gland = Semen • Normal ejaculation = 3-4 ml • Normal count of sperm per ejaculation = 300 millions • Normal count of sperm = 80-100 million per ml • For normal fertility, 60% sperm should have normal shape and size or 40% should have vigorous motility. • Disorder :- Oligospermia - Sperm count is less than normal. Azoospermia - Sperm is almost absent in semen. Necrospermia - Semen having dead sperm. Asthenospermia - Sperm having poor motility. Penis(External genitalia) : • It is male copulatory organ. • Distinct in root, shaft and glans penis. • I ..read more

Human reproductive system : Male Reproductive system :- Testes :- • Primary sex organ. • Paired and extra abdominal (present outside abdominal cavity). • Present in sac called scrotum. • Testes descend in scrotum during 7th month through inguinal canal under the influence of testosterone. • Failure of descend testes called cryptorchidism. • Scrotum is attach to abdominal wall by spermatic cord. • Scrotum provide 2-3 °C less temperature than body which is essential for spermatogenesis. • Internal scrotum is partitioned by septa. This internal partition is externally representation by groove/sul ..read more

 Female Reproductive Unit : • The pistil or gynoecium represents the female reproductive unit of a flower. • The gynoecium may have single pistil (called monocarpellary), more than two pistils (called multicarpellary), fused pistils (called syncarpous) or free pistils (called apocarpous). • Inside the ovary there is a compartment called ovarian cavity or locule separated by septum.   • Placenta is the tissue in ovarian cavity from where ovule or megasporangium arise. Structure of Megasporangium (Ovule) :-  • The ovule is stalked and is attached to the placenta by means of ..read more

 Flower : - The sexual reproductive part of angiosperms is called flower.  - It develops after the completion of vegetative phase.  - The branch of ornamental horticulture concerned with growing and marketing of ornamental flowers is called floriculture. Parts of Flower :-  - In a flower, four different sets of whorls or floral members are attached to a central axis called thalamus.  - The outermost and the first accessory whorl is of sepals and is called calyx.  - The second accessory whorl is of petals and is called corolla.  - Next to the corolla, is the m ..read more

 Human eye : Present in eye orbit or socket and about 2/3rd part is hidden. Eye is made up of 3 coat - (1) Avascular coat (2) Vascular coat (3) Neural coat(Retina) (1) Avascular coat :- - Distinct in sclera and cornea. - Also called Fibrous coat. - Sclera is called white of eye. - Cornea is transparent and is present in front of lens. - Exposed part of eye is covered by protective layer called consequtiva. - Consequtiva is not present in front of cornea. - Cornea takes oxygen from  atmosphere. - Cornea is easy to transplant due to lack of blood supply. (2) Vascular coat :- - Disti ..read more

 Brain (Encephalon) : - Present in cranial box. - Cranial capacity of Homo sapiens sapiens is 1400cc. - Surface of brain is folded in sulci and gyre. - Total neurones in brain = 100 billion - Each neurone shows 25000 interconnection. Brain is distinct in three part - (1) Forebrain (2) Midbrain (3)  Hindbrain (1) Forebrain :- Forebrain is a distinct in cerebrum,.thalamus and hypothalamus. Cerebrum (telencephalon) - - Largest part of brain. - Distinct in outer cerebral cortex (grey matter) and inner cerebral medulla (white matter). - Cortex is about to 2-4mm thick and it is made up o ..read more

 Neural tissue : Ectodermal in origin. Components of neural tissue - (1) Neuron (2) Neuroglia cell (3) Ependyamal cell Ependyamal cell - Ciliated columnar cells that makes lining of ventricles of brain and neurocoel of spinal cord. Beating movement of cilia of these cells helps to maintain flow of CerebroSpinal fluid (CSF). Neuroglia cell - These are non nervous cell contributing 50% of neural tissue. Neuroglia cell are considered as connective tissue. These cells helps in packaging of neurone, Forms myelin sheath, Show phagocytic activity, Forms blood brain barrier,  store food etc ..read more