ln order to create new compounds or to fight illnesses. Many medications result from “fine-tuning” a naturally occurring chemical to change its characteristics. Some medications are natural products but are only made in tiny enough quantities to be used widely. These drugs are made in grams, kilograms, and, eventually, tones. The synthesis of bioactive molecules, many of which are interesting as potential or real medications, is one of the main goals of organic chemistry. These can range in complexity from the (relatively) basic, like L-DOPA, to the incredibly complex, like the manufact ..read more

Drug Discovery Testing Scheme (Source of figure: doi:10.1038/nrd2378) A lead compound—one that demonstrates a useful pharmacological action—is needed by the medicinal chemist to develop a medication with a specific biological activity. The lead compound offers a beginning. However, the activity level may not be very high, and there may be unfavorable side effects. An effective medicine with increased therapeutic activity and fewer adverse effects may be created by changing the structure in various ways. Although they are not the only sources, natural substances or plants utilized in conventio ..read more

In four different types of organic species, a carbon atom only has a valence of 2 or 3. They typically have a relatively brief existence and are almost always swiftly transformed into molecules with greater stability. Carbocations, free radicals, carbanions, and carbenes are the four different species. Only the carbanions have all eight electrons completely arranged around the carbon. The post Carbocations, Carbanions, Free Radicals and Carbenes appeared first on Online Organic Chemistry Tutor ..read more

Polymers are nothing but a repeating unit of a monomer that joined together to form a large compound. It includes two reaction processes condensation and addition. When two or more single units are combined to produce a polymer that procedure is known as polymerization. This topic is best described at synthetic polymer homework help. Synthetic polymers are commonly known as plastics but this word is originated from Greek which means “plastikos”. The meaning of plastic is the substances that can be easily molded into different shapes. For example, polyethylene is formed from n number of ethene ..read more

It is the measurement of the distance between the peaks of a multiplet which arises after splitting. It is known as the coupling constant. It denoted by the J and its unit is Hertz. It is a useful tool in the measurement of the effectiveness of spin-spin coupling and predicting the protons NMR in complex structures. Types of coupling constant: 1) Geminal coupling: this type of coupling occurs between protons present on single carbon specifically in the terminal vinyl system. It ranges from 10-18 and denoted by 2 But one condition is applied that the proton present should be non-equivalent. 2 ..read more

Electronegativity: more electronegative element leads to deshielding of protons and signal appears at downfield and vice versa. Anisotropy effect: those compounds which are having a double or triple bond involve pi-electron which produces an induced field that may change the position of electrons and hence lead to shielding or deshielding. Hydrogen bonding: it increases the chain length which results in the deshielding of protons and shifted downfield in the spectrum. If it decreases the shielding of protons and upfield shifting will be there. Vander Waal deshielding: In the complex molecules ..read more

COVID-19 global spread took the lives of many people. It is a disease relate to the respiratory system induced by SARS-CoV-2[1]. WHO proposed to take preventive measures but simultaneously authorities also required clinical trials for drugs that are effective against the coronavirus. Although, fewer patients have access to clinical trials and it takes much time to investigate and clear all the clinical trials. Therefore, in such conditions only hit and trial method is applied where patients not come under the clinical trial section provided unproven medicines [1]. When no particular medicine i ..read more

Baylis-Hillman reaction is a coupling organic chemistry reaction that leads to forming a C-C bond in between α, β carbonyl compounds like aldehyde or activated ketone and electrophiles. The reaction takes place in the presence of tertiary amine and phosphine and mostly DABCO (1,4 Diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octane tertiary amine is used. The reaction has been discovered by Anthony B. Baylis and Melville E.D Hillman in 1972. The reaction is also referred to as Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction or MBH reaction. Mechanism of reaction– Firstly carbonyl compound gets activated by a catalyst which leads to t ..read more

Buchwald-Hartwig amination is a cross-coupling organic chemistry reaction where aryl halide is coupled with an amine in the presence of a palladium catalyst and a strong base to form a carbon-nitrogen bond. The reaction has been discovered by Stephen L. Buchwald and John F. Hartwig in early 1983 and their work was first published in 1994. Mechanism of action– Firstly in reaction oxidative addition of aryl halide with palladium takes place, and then amine gets coordinated with palladium. Further, amine gets deprotonated by the strong base which leads to the formation of amide, this amide group ..read more

Eschweiler- Clarke reaction is a substitution type of reaction of organic chemistry that leads to the formation of tertiary methylamines by the reaction of primary amine or secondary amine in the presence of formaldehyde and formic acid. The reaction was discovered by German chemist Wilhelm Eschweiler as well as British chemist Hans Thacker Clarke. Mechanism of reaction– Firstly in reaction formaldehyde is protonated, then amine reacts with it to form iminium ion as intermediate. Then the reaction of intermediate and formic acid leads to the formation of methylated ammonium ion along with car ..read more