1. What is the pancreas, and where is it located? The pancreas is a long, flat gland located in the abdomen, behind the stomach. It extends horizontally from the duodenum to the spleen. 2. What are the endocrine functions of the pancreas related to diabetes mellitus? The endocrine pancreas consists of clusters of cells known […] The post Diabetes Mellitus Part-1: Introduction and Classification appeared first on Pathology Made Simple ..read more

Pathology of Secretory Breast Carcinoma Secretory breast carcinoma, originally referred to as “juvenile carcinoma,” was first identified by McDivitt and Stewart in 1966. It was later renamed by Tavassoli and Norris, who highlighted its unique features, including the presence of abundant secretory material. The use of a pan-TRK monoclonal antibody for immunohistochemistry aids in diagnosing […] The post Pathology of Secretory Breast Carcinoma appeared first on Pathology Made Simple ..read more

What is rheumatoid arthritis (RA)? Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that primarily affects the joints. It causes inflammation, leading to joint pain, swelling, and eventually joint damage if not treated early. What does the term “rheumatoid arthritis” mean? The term comes from the Greek words “Rheuma” (which means a flowing or discharge of fluid), […] The post RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS- ETIOPATHOGENESIS appeared first on Pathology Made Simple ..read more

Why do autoimmune diseases develop? Autoimmune diseases develop when there is an imbalance between the activation of lymphocytes (immune cells) and the mechanisms that keep them from attacking the body’s own tissues. This imbalance can be caused by: Inheritance of susceptibility genes. Environmental triggers like infections and tissue damage. How do susceptibility genes contribute to […] The post Autoimmune disease- Pathogenesis appeared first on Pathology Made Simple ..read more

What is an autoimmune disease? An autoimmune disease occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own tissues. This happens due to an immune reaction against self-antigens. When can a disease be classified as an autoimmune disease? A disease is classified as autoimmune when: There is an immune reaction specific to self-antigens or tissues. […] The post Autoimmune disease: Self tolerance appeared first on Pathology Made Simple ..read more

What is hyperaldosteronism? Hyperaldosteronism is a condition characterized by excessive production of aldosterone, a steroid hormone responsible for regulating sodium and potassium levels, and thus maintaining blood pressure and fluid balance. What are the types of hyperaldosteronism? There are two main types: primary hyperaldosteronism (also known as Conn’s syndrome) and secondary hyperaldosteronism. Primary hyperaldosteronism is […] The post Hyperaldosteronism appeared first on Pathology Made Simple ..read more

What is Type III hypersensitivity? Type III hypersensitivity, also known as immune complex hypersensitivity, is an immune response that involves the formation of immune complexes (antigen-antibody complexes) usually in the circulation. These immune complexes can deposit in blood vessels, leading to activation of complement, inflammation, and tissue injury. In Type III hypersensitivity, the antigens are […] The post Type III hypersensitivity appeared first on Pathology Made Simple ..read more

What is Type II Hypersensitivity? Type II hypersensitivity, also known as antibody-mediated hypersensitivity, involves the immune system’s response where antibodies interact antigens attached to cell surfaces or within the extracellular matrix, leading to tissue injury, inflammation, or cellular dysfunction. Type II differs from other hypersensitivity reactions  in its specificity for cell-bound antigens, leading to direct […] The post Type II Hypersensitivity appeared first on Pathology Made Simple ..read more

What is metaplasia? Metaplasia is a reversible cellular adaptation in which one differentiated cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another cell type. This change occurs in response to chronic inflammation or irritation and represents a survival mechanism to withstand adverse conditions. What causes metaplasia? Metaplasia arises from reprogramming of stem cells present in […] The post Metaplasia: Types and Causes appeared first on Pathology Made Simple ..read more

What is hyperplasia? Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue, which can lead to the organ’s enlargement. This process only occurs if the cell population is capable of dividing. Can all cells undergo hyperplasia? No, NOT all cells can undergo hyperplasia. Cells that are incapable of dividing, such […] The post Hyperplasia- Mechanism and Causes appeared first on Pathology Made Simple ..read more