Languages, Vol. 9, Pages 160: Re-Thinking the Principles of (Vocabulary) Learning and Their Applications Languages doi: 10.3390/languages9050160 Authors: Paul Nation Making vocabulary stick in your memory involves dedicating attention to what needs to be learned. There are three main factors involved (focus, quantity, and quality) which can be expressed as six principles (focus, accuracy, repetition, time-on-task, elaboration, and analysis). When we include motivation in this description, then there are two more principles (motivation and self-efficacy). These principles apply to both incident ..read more

Languages, Vol. 9, Pages 157: Use of Embedded Clauses in Heritage and Monolingual Russian Languages doi: 10.3390/languages9050157 Authors: Maria Martynova Yulia Zuban Natalia Gagarina Luka Szucsich This study investigates the production of clausal embeddings by 195 Russian speakers (67 monolingually raised speakers, 68 heritage speakers in the US, and 60 heritage speakers in Germany) in different communicative situations varying by formality (formal vs. informal) and mode (spoken vs. written). Semi-spontaneous data were manually annotated for clause type and analyzed using a binomial generaliz ..read more

Languages, Vol. 9, Pages 154: Visual Cues to Speakers’ Religious Affiliation and Listeners’ Understanding of Second Language French Speech Languages doi: 10.3390/languages9050154 Authors: Sara Kennedy Pavel Trofimovich Rachael Lindberg Oguzhan Tekin Previous research has shown that speakers’ visual appearance influences listeners’ perception of second language (L2) speech. In Québec, Canada, the context of this study, pandemic mask mandates and a provincial secularism law elicited strong societal reactions. We therefore examined ho ..read more

Languages, Vol. 9, Pages 155: Language Processing Units Are Not Equivalent to Sentences: Evidence from Writing Tasks in Typical and Dyslexic Children Languages doi: 10.3390/languages9050155 Authors: Georgeta Cislaru Quentin Feltgen Elie Khoury Richard Delorme Maria Pia Bucci Despite recent research on the building blocks of language processing, the nature of the units involved in the production of written texts remains elusive: intonation units, which are evidenced by empirical results across a growing body of work, are not suitable for writing, where the sentence remains the common reference ..read more

Languages, Vol. 9, Pages 156: Radio-Lect: Spanish/English Code-Switching in On-Air Advertisements Languages doi: 10.3390/languages9050156 Authors: Roshawnda A. Derrick The 2020 census reports that 61.2 million Latinxs live in the US, totaling around 19% of all residents, forming the country’s largest minority population. With the growing number of Latinxs, there has been a higher level of contact between Spanish and English leading to language mixing or code-switching (CS) in mainstream American culture. This paper examines the Spanish/English CS in radio advertisements on Los An ..read more

Languages, Vol. 9, Pages 152: Online Assessment of Cross-Linguistic Similarity as a Measure of L2 Perceptual Categorization Accuracy Languages doi: 10.3390/languages9050152 Authors: Juli Cebrian Joan C. Mora The effect of cross-linguistic similarity on the development of target-like categories in a second or additional language is widely attested. Research also shows that second-language speakers may access both their native and the second-language lexicons when processing second-language speech. Forty-three Catalan learners of English performed a perceptual assimilation task evaluating the pe ..read more

Languages, Vol. 9, Pages 153: Metalinguistic Commentary on Forms of Address in a Finnish Autobiographical Novel Series Languages doi: 10.3390/languages9050153 Authors: Hanna Lappalainen Maija Saviniemi This article examines the metalinguistic commentary on address practices in a Finnish autobiographical novel series, the 26-volume Iijoki-sarja ‘Iijoki Series’ (1971–1998) by Kalle Päätalo. Our aim is to show how the forms of address affect the protagonist and other characters. The study is anchored in previous sociopragmatic re ..read more

Languages, Vol. 9, Pages 151: Gestural Alignment in Spoken Simultaneous Interpreting: A Mixed-Methods Approach Languages doi: 10.3390/languages9040151 Authors: Inés Olza Cognitive and behavioral alignment plays a major role in simultaneous interpreting, the interpreter centrally monitoring and accommodating his/her behavior to that of the speaker-source. In parallel, the place of gesture in the interpreters’ practice, as well as its degree of convergence with respect to the gestures of the speaker-source, has been scarcely analyzed until very recently. The multimodal data for thi ..read more

Languages, Vol. 9, Pages 149: Full Transfer and Segmental Emergence in the L2 Acquisition of Phonology: A Case Study Languages doi: 10.3390/languages9040149 Authors: Anaer Nulahan Yvan Rose In this paper, we discuss a child Kazakh speaker’s acquisition of English as her second language. In particular, we focus on this child’s development of the English segments |f, v, θ, ð, ɹ, ʃ, ʧ|, which are not part of the Kazakh phonological inventory of consonants. We begin with a longitudinal description of the p ..read more

Languages, Vol. 9, Pages 148: On the Functional Convergence of Pragmatic Markers in Arizona Spanish Languages doi: 10.3390/languages9040148 Authors: Brandon Joseph Martínez Tags, compared to other types of pragmatic markers (PMs), are typically considered as separate yet related phenomena and are usually differentiated by their syntactic positions and discourse functions, among other factors. The current work explores this differentiation utilizing 36 sociolinguistic interviews with Spanish-English bilinguals in southern Arizona, USA. Standard language variation and change (LVC) methodologies ..read more