Written by Dr. Yusuf S. SAPHO Syndrome | Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatments Introduction SAPHO syndrome is a chronic immune-mediated condition that affects the skin, joints, and bones. The syndrome’s abbreviation reflects the variable coexistence of synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis. The condition is rare, frequently misdiagnosed (and not recognized), and characterized by prominent inflammatory cutaneous and articular manifestations. It most commonly affects people between the ages of 30 and 50. Causes of SAPHO Syndrome A variety of genetic and environ ..read more

Written by Dr. Yusuf S. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments Introduction Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease that can affect almost any organ system, including the skin, joints, kidneys, nervous system, heart, lungs, and serous membranes. The clinical presentation of this condition ranges from mild mucocutaneous manifestations to multiorgan and severe central nervous system involvement. Causes of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus The cause of SLE is unknown. However, several genetic, endocrine, immunological, and environment ..read more

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Written by Dr. Yusuf S. Gastric Ulcers | Causes, Symptoms, Complications & Treatments Introduction Gastric ulcers are defined as a break in the mucosal barrier of the stomach lining that penetrates through the muscularis mucosa and is larger than 5 mm in diameter. They are a common clinical presentation in the United States and frequently result in the expenditure of millions of dollars in healthcare. The body has a natural way of protecting the gastric mucosa from the harmful acidic environment which is called the gastric lumen. Alterations in these defenses can cause changes in t ..read more

Written by Dr. Yusuf S. The 4 Stages of HIV Infection | Ultimate Guide Introduction Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is an enveloped retrovirus with two copies of a single-stranded RNA genome. It is responsible for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) which is the final stage of HIV disease. The stages of HIV infection will be discussed in this article. AIDS is the final result of HIV infections and is regarded as a fatal and terminal condition for HIV-infected patients. AIDS is a stage in which HIV-seropositive patients experience a variety of AIDS-related complic ..read more

Written by Dr. Yusuf S. Good’s Syndrome | Symptoms, Causes & Treatments Introduction Good’s syndrome is a rare adult-onset thymoma-related immunodeficiency with an unknown cause. In 1954, Dr. Good et al. were the first to report this association. Thymoma in Good’s syndrome is linked to hypogammaglobulinemia. It develops in 3%-6% of thymoma patients. The majority of patients have no circulating B cells. Symptoms & Clinical Features of Good’s Syndrome Patients may experience symptoms secondary to thymoma, such as coughing, chest pain, dysphagia, dyspnea, and hoarseness. The di ..read more

Acute Pancreatitis | Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatments Introduction Acute Pancreatitis (AP) is an acute pancreatic inflammatory disorder caused by intracellular activation of pancreatic digestive enzymes. It is considered one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases, resulting in a significant emotional, physical, and financial human burden, as well as high morbidity and mortality. The severity of acute pancreatitis ranges from mild conditions requiring conservative treatment to severe and complicated diseases with high morbidity and mortality. Causes of Acute Pancrea ..read more

Pernicious Anemia | Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatments What is Pernicious Anemia? Pernicious anemia (PA) is an autoimmune condition with a multifactorial etiology that includes environmental and immunological factors. It is the leading cause of cobalamin deficiency anemia globally. The disease is macrocytic anemia caused by a vitamin B12 deficiency, which is caused by an intrinsic factor (IF) deficiency. Pernicious anemia is a relatively rare condition, with a prevalence of less than 1% in European-ancestry populations. Pernicious anemia is a common cause of megaloblastic anemi ..read more

Written by Dr. Yusuf S. Sickle Cell Anemia | Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatments What is Sickle Cell Anemia? Sickle cell anemia is an inherited condition of the globin chains that leads to hemolysis and chronic organ damage. It is a chronic blood condition characterized by abnormally rigid and sickle-shaped red blood cells. Sickling reduces the flexibility of the cells and increases the possibility of various complications. Sickling is caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin gene. Difference Between Sickle Cell Anemia and Sickle Cell Disease Sickle cell disease (SCD) is ..read more

Written by Dr. Yusuf S. Aplastic Anemia | Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatments What is Aplastic Anemia? Aplastic anemia (AA) is the syndrome of chronic primary hematopoietic failure caused by injury, which results in decreased or absent hematopoietic precursors in the bone marrow and accompanying pancytopenia. Classification of Aplastic Anemia Aplastic anemia is classified as either moderate, severe (SAA), or very severe (vSAA). Epidemiology of Aplastic Anemia Aplastic anemia is a rare condition, with an annual incidence rate of 2-2.3 cases per million people. The sex ratio is ..read more