An accessory spleen is normal splenic tissue separate from the main mass of the spleen. Accessory spleens vary in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters, they occur most frequently near or at the splenic hilum. They are also quite common found in up to 16% of CTs of the abdomen and up to 30% of autopsies [1]. For the uninitiated the splenule may be mistaken for a tumorso it is important that the sonographer is aware of this variant. Splenunculi also occur post splenectomy, and may enlarge, although they usually retain a spherical shape. [2] Accessory spleen and splenomegalyAno ..read more

Intestinal malrotation due to the cessation of normal intestinal rotation in the fetus. The gastrointestinal tract divides into the foregut, midgut, and hindgut. Foregut: esophagus, stomach, pancreas, and the duodenum Midgut: distal duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon, and proximal two-thirds of the transverse colon. Hindgut distal one-third of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and the rectum. The small and large intestines undergo rapid growth during weeks four and five of development. [1] It is theorized that the intestines outgrow the space in the abdom ..read more

Mineralizing lenticulostriate vasculopathy (MLSV) is a medical condition that primarily affects the blood vessels in the brain, specifically the lenticulostriate arteries. These arteries are small, deep branches of the middle cerebral artery, and they supply blood to various deep brain structures, including the basal ganglia. Here are some key points to know about mineralizing lenticulostriate vasculopathy: Calcification and Mineralization: MLSV is characterized by the calcification and mineralization of the lenticulostriate arteries. Calcification is the process by which calcium salts buil ..read more

In this post I’ll just add appendicitis cases until humans evolve the ability to develop the organ! My appendix playlist on YouTube. Appendicitis 1 2 cm appendix in an obese patient. Used the curvilinear probe to get better penetration. Appendicitis 2 Large appendix with appendicolith and hyperemia. Appendicitis 3 0.9 cm appendicitis curled on itself with, fat stranding trace free fluid. Appendicitis 4 1 cm appendicitis with hyperemia and appendicolith Appendicitis 5 1.5 cm appendicitis with hyperemia. Appendicitis 6 Perforated appendicitis with complex fluid/abscess formation ..read more

Choledochal cysts (CC) are rare congenital dilatation of the extra hepatic common bile duct (though they now include focal cystic dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts Caroli Disease), first described by Vater and Ezler in 1723. [1] Historically categorized into three types, choledochal cysts are now classified into five types known as Todani Classification. [2]  CC is more common in females 4:1 and more common in Asian populations. [3] Fig. 1Fig. 2Figure 1 Normal Biliary system, Figure 2 Normal sonogram of cbd with measurmentPresentation Choledochal cysts often present infants and y ..read more

Case An adolescent patient presented for ultrasound with a history of tachycardia and diaphoresis. On ultrasound examination a heterogenous mass was seen medial to the left renal pelvis which was determined to be extra adrenal pheochromocytoma after further investigation. Pheochromocytoma’s are rare adrenal tumors that arise from the medulla (chromaffin cell tumors) derived from the neural crest. They are associated with catecholamine secretion, primarily epinephrine and norepinephrine, and rarely dopamine. Large tumors secrete both epinephrine and norepinephrine Potentially fatal, but with t ..read more

Henry Suarez RDMS (AB, OB/GYN, PS) RVT Phyllodes Tumor Phyllodes tumors are uncommon breast lesions that consist of connective tissue and epithelium. The spectrum of behavior from phyllodes ranges from benign (comparable to fibroadenoma) to malignant with metastatic potential. Historically these lesions were called cystosarcoma phyllodes, though now are referred to as phyllodes due to their usual benign nature. [1] Malignant Phyllodes tumor constitutes 20–30 % of all PTs of the breast. [15] Epidemiology and Risk Factors These tumors are usually rare and account for less than 1% of all breast n ..read more

Molar Pregnancy – Hydatidiform Mole Tweet Hydatidiform Mole aka Molar pregnancy is cause by implantation and proliferation of a non-viable fertilized ovum. Characteristics are that of throphoblastic proliferation and Vesicular swelling of the chorionic villi. Sonographically you’ll see an enlarged , round uterus with many cystic spaces classically referred to as “bunch of grapes” . https://www.tau.ac.il/medicine/tau-only/webpath/plachtml/plac062.htm There are two types of molar pregnancies Complete mole has a diploid genotype (46XX, 46 XY) it lacks fetal tissue. Complete hydatidiform moles h ..read more

Polyorchidism or supernumerary testicles is a rare condition with the presence of an accessory testis, can be unilateral or bilateral. It is believed to occur due to abnormal development of the genital ridge in the 8th week of fetal development. 75% of cases represent as a painless palpable mass in the scrotum. [1] 20% of supernumerary testes are inguinal whereas about 5% remain in a retroperitoneal location. [1] Thereis usually 3 testes with the extra testicle usually located in the LT in 64.5 % of cases. [2] There can also be 4 testicles (4.3% of cases) Leung [3] and Singer and colleagues ..read more

Eye Anatomy The eye is a fluid filled orb that allows us to see things, like ultrasound images and beautiful trees and stuff! Here’s the anatomy that is pertinent for eye ultrasound. Cornea The cornea is the transparent anterior portion of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber. Anterior Chamber The anterior chamber is the aqueous humor-filled space between the iris and the cornea. Pupil The pupil is a black hole located in the center of the iris which allows lig ..read more