Fungi lack the chlorophyll pigment essential for independent existence. Hence, they must get their food from other living organisms or from dead or decaying organic matter. Economical fungi have great importance in various aspects, like increasing soil fertility, the uses of various industries, antibiotics, drugs, organic acids, and the production of enzymes, vitamins, and hormones […] The post Economic Importance of Fungi appeared first on Biology Learner written by Animesh Sahoo ..read more

Bacteria exert both deleterious and benefical effects on human life. Beneficial species liberate fertilizer elements for growing crops, destroy sewage and other wastes, and produce valuable chemicals. Some species are harmful for animals as well as humans. Beneficial and harmful aspects of bacteria are briefly discussed below: Beneficial Activities 1. To increase soil fertility 2. […] The post Economic Importance of Bacteria appeared first on Biology Learner written by Animesh Sahoo ..read more

The Pteridospermales or Cycadofilicales are characteristic gymnospermous plants that bore fern-like foliage, which in turn bore seeds that were unprotected. Hence, they are known as seed ferns. Pteridospermales is a very large order that includes a heterogeneous assemblage of tree-like organisms. The plants lived through the Carboniferous period, reached their climax, and became extinct in […] The post Pteridospermales (Cycadofilicales): An Overview appeared first on Biology Learner written by Animesh Sahoo ..read more

The Bennettitales (Cycadeoidales) are a fossil group found from the Triassic to the lower Cretaceous, but were predominant in the Jurassic period of the Mesozoic era in South America, North America, India, and many other places, mainly in the southern hemisphere. The members of this group were cycad-like plants. Recent investigations have shown that the […] The post Bennettitales (Cycadeoidales): An Overview appeared first on Biology Learner written by Animesh Sahoo ..read more

Sexuality in fungi is diverse and fascinating. In fungi, gradual degeneration of sexuality can be observed. Degeneration of sexuality means functional and structural degeneration of sex organs, leading to the progressive simplification of the process. Before discussing the degeneration of sexuality, here is a brief explanation of how sexual reproduction is accomplished in fungi. Sexual […] The post Degeneration of Sexuality in Fungi appeared first on Biology Learner written by Animesh Sahoo ..read more

Fungi are eukaryotic, spore-bearing microorganisms. They are heterotrophic (i.e., can’t produce their own food through photosynthesis) and digest food externally by releasing hydrolytic enzymes into their surroundings. Fungi have unicellular or multicellular organization, but the structure of cells is uniformly the same in all organizations. The cells are eukaryotic and consist of all the cell […] The post Structure of Fungal Cell with Diagram appeared first on Biology Learner written by Animesh Sahoo ..read more

The classification of the fungi is a very challenging task since it presents various problems that originate from the differences of opinion of different workers. The situation becomes even more difficult as we learn new facts about the fungi, which often demand a change in the concept of their relationship and reclassification. As the classification […] The post Classification of Fungi appeared first on Biology Learner written by Animesh Sahoo ..read more

In humans, each heartbeat produces two distinct sounds known as the first and second heart sounds. These two, the loudest sounds of the heart, are easily detected clinically by a stethoscope. Two other heart sounds have also been described that cannot be clearly detected with the help of a stethoscope. These two sounds are the […] The post Heart Sound: Types, Causes, and Significance appeared first on Biology Learner written by Animesh Sahoo ..read more

Cephalochordata (Gr., kephale, head; chorde, cord) is a sub-phylum within the phylum Chordata. The animals in this group are small, marine invertebrates. They are commonly called lancelets or amphioxi. Cephalochordates show many typical chordate features, including a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail. Definition of Cephalochordata The sub-phylum Cephalochordata […] The post Sub-phylum Cephalochordata: Definition, Characteristics, Classification, Examples appeared first on Biology Learner written by Namita Das ..read more

The sub-phylum Urochordata (Gr., uro, tail; chorde, cord) is a part of the phylum Chordata. The animals in this group are called sea squirts,or tunicates. These animals are very unique and show a high degree of diversity in their form, habit, and habitat. The chordate characters of Urochordata are more noticeable during the larval stage. […] The post Sub-Phylum Urochordata: Definition, Characteristics, Classification, Examples appeared first on Biology Learner written by Namita Das ..read more