Lymphocytes are the type of white blood cells, which belongs to the lymphoid lineage and differs from the other blood cells originate from the myeloid lineage. It is named, because of its dominance in the secondary lymphoid tissue “lymph”. Its normal range is about 20-40% of the total WBCs. Lymphocyte resides in an agranular, mononuclear ..read more

Regeneration in plants can define as a standard method in the field of biotechnology, where the small section of tissue or explant can develop into a complete plant under in-vitro conditions. It also depends upon the concentration of plant regulatory hormones like auxin, cytokinin, gibberellins etc. where some may influence, or others may inhibit the ..read more

Interferons are the antiviral proteins that inhibit both the transcription and translation of the viral genome. It was first studied by the two scientists named Isaac and Lindenmann in the year 1957, while they experimented on the chick chorioallantoic membrane fragments with the live influenza virus. On experiment, Isaac and Lindenmann found that the interaction ..read more

Molarity is a quantitative measure to determine the concentration of solute (expressed as the number of moles) dissolved in per litre of solution. It also refers to the molar concentration of a solution. Thus, molarity is a quantity which calculates the volume of the solvent or the amount of solute. The concentration of solute can ..read more

Lysosomes were organelles, first discovered by a scientist named Christian de Duve in the year 1955. Its structure was first studied by a scientist named Novikoff in the year 1956 by performing electron microscopy. The lysosomes function as “Digestive compartments” that helps in the degradation of complex molecules by the digestion enzymes. A lysosome comprises ..read more

The micropropagation technique is an in-vitro plant tissue culture method that can prepare many clones from the small tissue of the stock plant. It is now the most preferred method over the traditional techniques of vegetative propagation. A botanist Frederick Campion Steward first introduced the process of micropropagation. Micropropagation also gives rise to genetically modified plants ..read more

The emulsion is a word that originated from the Latin word “Mulgeo”, which means “To milk”. Milk is the best example of emulsion, consisting of biphasic liquid systems containing both fat and water. The emulsion can define as the colloidal system, which includes two or more phases of immiscible liquids. In the emulsification process, one ..read more

Haemoglobin or Hb is an iron transport metalloprotein. It refers as “Metalloprotein” as it contains four iron metal ions or haem (Iron-containing porphyrin) groups and globular protein. Haemoglobin appears red coloured. Almost all vertebrates and tissues of a few invertebrates contain haemoglobin in their RBCs. Other than RBCs, haemoglobin is also present in macrophages, alveolar ..read more

Gelatin hydrolysis test is the presumptive test method to distinguish between the gelatin hydrolysing and non-hydrolysing organisms. An exoenzyme, “Gelatinase” catalyse the hydrolysis of gelatin. Gelatin hydrolysing bacteria will produce gelatinase enzyme to split the protein component of the media into simpler amino acids. Gelatin non-hydrolysing bacteria do not produce gelatinase enzyme, which in turn ..read more

Fat-soluble vitamin includes vitamin A, D, E and K that are released, absorbed and transported with fat in our diet. All the fat-soluble vitamins are isoprenoids as they are produced by the condensation of four isoprene units. The deficiency and over intake of these vitamins can cause serious health problems and toxicity in our body ..read more