This study utilised scRNA-seq of CD4+ T cells in the AAA aorta and spleen to reveal the complex infiltration of CD4+ T cells in the AAA aorta and the process by which Tregs acquire a tissue-specific phenotype in AAA. Aorta Tregs originate in the spleen and develop the tissue Treg phenotype in the aorta. Abstract Immune cell infiltration is a significant pathological process in abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). T cells, particularly CD4+ T cells, are essential immune cells responsible for substantial infiltration of the aorta. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) in AAA have been identified as tissue-s ..read more

When specific immune response occurs concurrently with psychological stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress was increased, which impairs the immune suppressive ability of immune regulatory T cells. Abstract Allergic asthma is characterized by the polarization of Th2 cells and impaired immune regulation. Macrophages occupy the largest proportion of airway immune cells. This study aims to discover the mechanism that hinders the immune regulatory functions of airway macrophages. In this study, macrophages were isolated from cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) collected from asthma patie ..read more

Activation of fetal membrane TLR4 by Gram-negative bacterial LPS leads to a chemokine IL-8 and uric acid-driven NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated IL-1ß response. Downstream of TLR4 activation by LPS, TLR8-activating miR-146a-3p acts as an intermediate danger signal to drive these fetal membrane inflammasome-dependent and inflammasome-independent mechanisms of inflammation. Abstract Preterm birth is the largest contributor to neonatal morbidity and is often associated with chorioamnionitis, defined as inflammation/infection of the fetal membranes (FMs). Chorioamnionitis is characterised by neutroph ..read more

The TRIF-RIPK1-Caspase-8 is required for LPS-induced CYLD degradation in macrophages. Caspase-8 cleaves CYLD at D235A. cFLIP interacts with Caspase-8 to modulate its protease activity on CYLD and cell death. The TRIF-Caspase-8 and CYLD play opposite roles in the regulation of TLR4 signalling. Abstract The inflammatory response is tightly regulated to eliminate invading pathogens and avoid excessive production of inflammatory mediators and tissue damage. Caspase-8 is a cysteine protease that is involved in programmed cell death. Here we show the TRIF-RIPK1-Caspase-8 is required for LPS-induce ..read more

This article dissects the inherent characteristics of the ovarian cancer (OC) immune microenvironment and explores its reprogramming and metabolic changes. At the mechanistic level, it elucidates the potential reasons why OC differs from other types of tumours and becomes a ‘cold tumour’. Moreover, it comprehensively summarizes the latest methods to enhance the immunotherapeutic efficacy in OC. Abstract Despite progress in cancer immunotherapy, ovarian cancer (OC) prognosis continues to be disappointing. Recent studies have shed light on how not just tumour cells, but also the complex tumour ..read more

As an cytokine of multiple functions, Il-41 has relation with immune diseases and inflammatory diseases. We review the biological functions of IL-41, the relationship between IL-41 and diseases, the effects of IL-41 in the cytokine network and the possible signalling pathways. In order to explore the same target or same drug for treatment of different diseases from the perspective of homotherapy for heteropathy, cytokine strategies based on IL-41 have been put forward for the precise treatment of immune diseases and inflammatory diseases. It is worth noting that IL-41 related preparations for ..read more

High dimensional flow cytometry reveals unique subsets of regulatory T cells essential for preventing severe lung damage in neonatal mice experiencing acute lower respiratory infection. Abstract Lifestyle factors like poor maternal diet or antibiotic exposure disrupt early life microbiome assembly in infants, increasing the risk of severe lower respiratory infections (sLRI). Our prior studies in mice indicated that a maternal low-fibre diet (LFD) exacerbates LRI severity in infants by impairing recruitment of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) and consequently attenuating expansion of lung r ..read more

K33 only mutant ubiquitin (K33O) efficiently increase dendritic cell (DC)-induced CTL priming via PI3K-Akt pathway. This study offers a much simpler and efficient strategy for the preparation of DC-based CTL vaccine to prevent against infection and tumours. Abstract To explore the effect of K33 only mutant ubiquitin (K33O) on bone marrow-derived dendritic cells' (BMDCs') maturity, antigen uptake capability, surface molecule expressions and BMDC-mediated CTL priming, and further investigate the role of PI3K-Akt engaged in K33O-increased BMDC maturation, antigen uptake and presentation, surfac ..read more

The proportion of T cells, mainly CD8+ T cells rather than CD4+, was reduced in endometriotic lesions, and the cytokines and cytotoxicity of ectopic T cells were depressed. CD8+ T cells depressed the proliferation of ESCs through inhibiting CDK1/CCNB1 pathway to arrest the cell cycle and triggered inflammation through activating STAT1 pathway. The coculture with ESCs resulted in the dysfunction of CD8+ T cells through upregulating STAT1/PDCD1 pathway and glycolysis-promoted metabolism reprogramming. Abstract Endometriosis is defined as an oestrogen-dependent and inflammatory gynaecological d ..read more

This paper reviews the research progress of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in combination with cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) inhibitors, oncolytic virus, intestinal flora, antiangiogenic agents, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and epigenetic drugs for the treatment of pMMR-MSI-L/MSS CRC. Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a frequent gastrointestinal malignancy with high rates of morbidity and mortality; 85% of these tumours are proficient mismatch repair (pMMR)-microsatellite instability-low (MSI-L)/microsatellite stable (MSS) CRC known as ‘cold’ tumours that are resistant to immun ..read more