Hund’s Rule or Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity is a rule in chemistry that deals with the pairing of electrons in energy orbitals. We all know that Aufbau principle talks about how the lowest energy orbitals are filled first, and then move up to the higher energy orbitals. But, there is a problem with this rule. As we know, there are three p, five d and seven f orbitals in the respective subshells. This rule does not discuss the order of filling of these orbitals. This problem is resolved by Hund’s rule which was discovered in 1925, by Friedrich Hund. What is Hund‘s Rule? The rule states t ..read more

Plant cell are photosynthetic eukaryotic cells. There are the members of the kingdom Plantae. Characterized by cellulosic cell walls, plastids, and the ability to perform photosynthesis. These are also the significant features that differentiate them from animal cells. Plant cells also possess a large central vacuole surrounded by a tonoplast membrane. This vacuole helps in osmoregulation and acts as a site of storage. History Plant cell was discovered by an English scientist Robert Hooke in 1665 while observing cork under a microscope. He commented that his observation looked similar to cellu ..read more

Animal cells are heterotrophic cells, in the members of the kingdom Animalia. They lack cell walls, plastids, and ability to perform photosynthesis. They are typical eukaryotic cells characterized by the presence of a well-defined nucleus and membrane-bound cell organelles. History German scientists Schwann and Schleiden were the first to observe and study animal cells. Structure Structure of the Animal Cell (Source) Animal Cell consists of Protoplasm (=Protoplasm). The Protoplasm subunits are, Plasma Membrane, Cytoplasm, and Nucleus. The cytoplasm is distinguishable into Cytoplasmic Matrix ..read more

The Molisch test is a chemical analysis method utilized for identifying the presence of carbohydrates (monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides) and glycoproteins in a given sample.  This test is useful in distinguishing between carbohydrates and proteins/amino acids. The discovery of this Molisch’s test is attributed to Hans Molisch, a botanist from Czech-Austria who is its namesake. Explanation The Molisch test is a highly sensitive colorimetric method used to detect the presence of carbohydrates, whether they are free or bound to proteins or lipids. It involves using a solut ..read more

Microsporogenesis is the formation of microspores inside pollen sacs of seed plants. Explanation The process of microsporogenesis occurs through meiosis or reduction division within the microsporangium or pollen sacs of flowering plants, resulting in the production of microspores or pollen grains. These microspores represent the initial cell of the male gametophyte that eventually generates male gametes. To elaborate, microsporogenesis takes place as a consequence of meiosis or reduction division inside the nucleus of each microspore mother cell, leading to the formation of four haploid nuclei ..read more

Laterite is a type of rock and soil that is abundant in iron and aluminium and is typically associated with hot and humid tropical regions.  Due to its high concentration of iron oxide, most laterites have a reddish-brown appearance.  They are formed through the extensive and prolonged weathering of the parent rock beneath them. History In 1807, Francis Buchanan-Hamilton provided the first account of a particular geological formation in southern India and gave it the name “laterite.” This name was derived from the Latin word “later,” which means “brick,” as the soil was densely packe ..read more

Solvay Process is a process of producing soda from salt. It involves introducing carbon dioxide into the brine, which leads to the formation of sodium bicarbonate. This substance is subsequently heated through calcination to yield sodium carbonate (soda ash, Na2CO3). Na2CO3is a chemical compound commonly referred to as sodium carbonate, washing soda, or soda ash. It exists in different hydrated forms and is a colourless and scentless salt that easily dissolves in water, producing alkaline solutions. History Ernest Solvay, a scientist from Belgium, created the Solvay Process in 1861.  ..read more

Collin’s reagent, which consists of dipyridine-complex chromium(VI) oxide in dichloromethane, is utilized to specifically transform primary alcohols into aldehydes through oxidation. It can accommodate various functional groups present in the molecule. Collins reagent formula is C10H10CrN2O3. In 1953, G. I. Poos, G. E. Arth, R. E. Beyler, and L.H. Sarett discovered the use of this reagent for oxidations, which was later promoted by J.C. Collins after a few years. In 1968, J.C. Collins introduced the concept of Collins oxidation, wherein he utilized a solution of pre-formed CrO3•2Pyr in dichlor ..read more

Holozoic nutrition refers to a form of heterotrophic nutrition where an organism consumes complex organic food materials by ingesting them, followed by digestion and absorption of the nutrients into its body cells. The term Holozoic comes from the Greek word: holo-whole;  zoikos-of animals. Explanation This nutrition involves obtaining energy and organic components by consuming and digesting other organisms or parts of organisms, such as decaying organic matter and blood. This type of nutrition is exhibited by a variety of organisms, including protozoa like amoebas and most free-living an ..read more

Hinsberg reagent or benzene sulfonyl chloride is a reagent utilized in the Hinsberg test to differentiate primary, secondary, and tertiary amines present in a given sample. Hinsberg Reagents formula is C6H5SO2Cl Hinsberg reagent was developed in the late 19th century. It is named so as it is used in a reaction called the Hinsberg reaction. And the Hinsberg reaction was first described by Oscar Hinsberg in 1890. Explanation Benzene sulfonyl chloride, which is commonly referred to as the Hinsberg reagent, is used in the Hinsberg test to identify and differentiate primary, secondary, and tertiary ..read more