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Background: In the in-vitro study on chronic pain, the N-methyl D-Aspartate receptor (NMDAR) activation in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuron became one of the most important mechanisms to activate the chronic pain pathways. NMDAR activation can be induced using an NMDAR agonist. No guidelines explain the NMDA optimum concentration to induce DRG neuron activation through the NMDAR pathway. This study aims to find the optimum concentration of NMDA to induce DRG neuron activation through the NMDAR pathway. Materials and Methods: We treat DRG neuron culture derived from the F11 cell line with ..read more

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Background: The preferred anesthetic technique for upper abdominal surgeries, including splenectomy, is general anesthesia (GA). However, these procedures frequently result in severe postoperative pain, necessitating a greater need for efficient pain management. Regional analgesic blocks like the paravertebral block (PVB) and erector spinae plane blocks (ESPB) offer better postoperative pain management. Materials and Methods Following the induction of GA, 99 patients were randomly assigned to receive bilateral ESPB (n = 33), or bilateral PVB  (n = 33), and a control group (n = 33) receive ..read more

Background: Postdural puncture headache (PDPH) is a severe and debilitating complication in the obstetric population after regional anesthesia. It affects the parturient and delays home discharge. The epidural blood patch (EBP) is the gold standard treatment; however, it is an invasive and risky procedure. The trans-nasal sphenopalatine ganglion block (SPGB) and intravenous aminophylline are promising modalities for PDPH treatment. Materials and Methods: In a prospective, double-blinded, and controlled trial, Seventy-five obstetric participants (ASA I and II, aged 18 to 40 years) complaining o ..read more

Background: In some therapeutic interventions, repeated exposure to pre-adolescence anesthesia is necessary. According to research, exposure to general anesthetics during pre-adolescence can lead to cell death, cognitive and behavioral problems, and neurobehavioral difficulties as an adult. The current study aimed to provide detailed morphological and functional evaluations of the long-term impacts of repeated sevoflurane exposure in male and female rats. Materials and Methods: Seventy-two pre-adolescent rats were randomly divided into male and female control and inhaled sevoflurane groups (co ..read more

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Background: Opioid-free anesthesia (OFA) is a new anesthesiological technique where opioid is avoided intra and post-operative due to side effects. Hence, this study compared opioid-free with opioid-based anesthesia for postoperative analgesia in laparoscopic surgeries. The primary objective was to assess pain scores in the postoperative period with the Numerical rating scale (NRS) for 24 hours, and the secondary objective was to compare intraoperative vitals, postoperative analgesia period, and utilization of total analgesics in the first 24 hours. Materials and Methods: Prospective randomize ..read more

Background: Proctitis is a significant concern of inflammatory bowel diseases, especially ulcerative colitis. Exosomes are a new method for treating many diseases by their immunosuppressive and tissue-repairing potential. Here, we tried Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-derived Exosomes for treating the proctitis model of rats. Materials and Methods: Rats were assigned into four groups: sham, control group, rectal, and intraperitoneal exosome injection. The proctitis model was induced by rectal administration of 4% acetic acid. The exosome was derived from human MSCs isolated from human umbilical ..read more