Earthquake All natural earthquakes occur in the lithosphere. Seismic wave studies offer a full picture of the layered interior. An earthquake is, simply put, shaking of the earth’s crust. It is caused due to the energy release, which triggers waves that travel in all directions. The emanation of energy occurs along a fault. A fault is a sharp break in the crustal rocks. Rocks along a fault generally move in opposing directions. Classification of Earthquakes Tectonic earthquakes: The most common form of earthquakes, is caused by the movement of loose fragmented pieces o ..read more

  May this year bring new happiness, new goals, new achievements, and a lot of new inspirations on your life. Wishing you a year fully loaded with happiness.  Happy New Year.                                                                        Best Wishes From                                         ..read more

  FUNDAMENTAL LINES AND DESIRED RELATIONS ·        A Theodolite consists of several fundamental lines in order the readings to be accurate, certain desired relationship must exist between the fundamental lines of the instrument. ·        But due to improper handling (or) excessive use, this relationship may be disturbed and hence from the theodolite may lead to erroneous results. ·        The fundamental lines of a theodolite are.         &n ..read more

  BASIC DEFINITIONS IN THEODOLITE The frequently used terms in measurement Process using Theodolite. Are as follows, (1) Transit: This is the Operation of revolving the telescope through 180 in. Plane about its horizontal axis. (2) Face Right: When the vertical circle of a theodolite is on the right of the observer, the position is called face right and the observation made is called face right observation. (3) Face Left: ·        when the vertical circle of a theodolite is in the left of the observer, the position is called is called face left observati ..read more

  VERNIER THEODOLITE ·        The Vernier Theodolite is also known as Transit theodolite, In a Vernier theodolite the telescope can be rotated in a vertical plane. ·        The main parts of a theodolite are the following. Levelling Head: ·        Levelling head is the base of the instrument, it has provision to attach the instrument to a tripod stand while in use and attach a plum bob along the vertical axis of the instruments. ·        The upper h ..read more

  THEODOLITE SURVEYING ·        A theodolite is a precision optical instrument for measuring angles between designated visible points in the horizontal and vertical planes. ·        The theodolite is used for land surveying, building and infrastructure construction. ·        It consists of a movable telescope mounted so it can rotate around horizontal and vertical axis and provide angular readings. Types of Theodolite:        I.    &nbs ..read more

                        About nirmhan The civil engineering blog on the internet. This blog is made for educational purpose so as to help the fellow civil engineering students and to spread the knowledge about the latest civil engineering projects and softwares. nirmhan provides informational resources to Civil Engineers around the globe on various subjects such as surveying, concrete technology, Estimation & costing, construction management, Structural Engineering, Building Construction Tips, for Civil Engineers.   &nb ..read more

  Computationof Volume ·       In many civil engineering projects, earth work involve the excavation, removal and dumping of earth, therefore it is required to make good estimate of volume of earth work. ·       Volume computation are also required to determine the capacity of reservoirs. ·       The volume of the earth work is calculated by                           I.  ..read more

  Computation of Areas ·       Generally, the lands will be of irregular shaped polygons. ·       There are formulae readily available for regular polygons like triangle, rectangle, square and other polygons. ·       But for determining the areas of irregular polygons, different methods are used. ·       Earth work computation is involved in the excavation of canals, digging of trenches for laying underground pipe lines, formation of bunds, earthen embankments, digging f ..read more

  Planimeter ·       Planimeter is an instrument used in surveying to compute the area of any given plan. ·       Planimeter only needs plan drawn on the sheet to calculate area. ·       Generally, it is very difficult to determine the area of irregular plot so by using planimeter we can easily calculate the area of any shape.  ·       The area can be obtained from the following expression Where M=Multiplier given in the table N= Number of times the zero mark ..read more