You can synthesize most of the organic compounds by using alkyl halides as a starting material. This property of alkyl halides makes it wonderful. In laboratory if you have alkyl halides with you that means you have most of the organic compound with you. Given transformations will unfold the wonder of alkyl halides ..read more

Hydrocarbns means compounds made up of hydrogen and carbon, which can be further classified as aliphatic and aromatic compounds. Aliphatic hydrocarbons are further classified into families like: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and cycloalkanes ..read more

Free radicals are highly reactive species with unpaired valance electron. Carbon free radicals are formed during halogenation of alkanes and orientation as well as reactivity depends on the type of free radical. It is known as free radical substitution reaction.   Ease of formation of free radical: 3° > 2° > 1° > CH3. It is because of more stable radical forms easily.   Free radicals halogenation is a chain reaction involving three distinct steps i.e. initiation, propagation, and termination.   Step 1: Initiation reactions involve the formation of free radicals ..read more

A tetrahedral carbon with four different substituents shows the enantiomerism with different three dimensional isomeric structures. The carbon bearing four different substituents is called as chiral or asymmetric carbon. A molecule with one asymmetric carbon shows two enantiomers which are mirror image of each other and non-superimposable. Enantiomers are optically active and they rotate the plane polarized light either in left or right direction. So enantiomers have identical physical properties except the direction of optical activity. Generally enantiomers have equal but opposite optical ..read more

A different arrangement of the atoms in the space by rotation about the carbon-carbon single bond is known as conformers and collectively called as conformational isomers. These are inter-convertible by rotation of single bond. The simplest molecules show conformation is ethane (CH3CH3).  The conformer I is called as Staggered conformation and II is called as Eclipsed conformation showed below in Newman projection, whereas intermediate structures are called as Skew conformations. The potential energy of these conformations reveals that staggered conformation is more stable than Eclipsed c ..read more

An arrangement of the atoms in the space attached to a chiral carbon is referred as configuration and most commonly expressed by absolute configuration as “R” and “S.” The absolute configuration assigned by CIP system given by three organic chemists named as R.S. Cahn, C.K. Ingold, and V. Prelog. A CIP nomenclature includes the assignment of a prefix R and S to each chiral center in the molecule based on if its configuration is right or left handed respectively. The symbol R comes from the Latin word “rectus” which means right, and S comes from “sinister” which means left. The a ..read more

As the name indicates, small molecule eliminates during these types of reactions.  This small molecule is generally water (-H2O) in the case of dehydration or HX in the case of dehydrohalogenation.  A 1, 2-elimination suggests that the atoms that are eliminated come from adjacent or neighbor carbon atoms. In the organic chemistry, Elimination reactions are the important method for alkenes synthesis. Following two are the widely described elimination reactions in organic chemistry: Dehydration: Elimination of water i.e.-H2O from the Alcohol. Dehydrohalogenation: Elimination of HX fr ..read more

Benzoic acid and phenol both are insoluble in water due to non-polar benzene ring but these molecules become soluble if we react them with an aqueous solution of NaOH, which forms water-soluble sodium salt of the benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) and the sodium salt of phenol (sodium phenoxide). But when these compounds reacted with an aqueous solution of NaHCO3, benzoic acid reacted, but phenol is unable to react as it is comparatively weaker acid, so unable to form a salt with a weaker base (NaHCO3 ..read more

In the given figure various possible chair conformations of 1,2-dimethylcyclohexane are drawn. There are two possibilities that are cis or trans, but the position of the methyl group on axial or equatorial bond on cyclohexane determines whether the compound is cis or trans. Like in given figure no. 1,  if both methyl groups are attached to an equatorial (diequitorial) or axial (diaxial) position then it would be called trans-1,2-dimethylcyclohexane because one bond is up and another bond is down, however, both are axial or equatorial. In figure no. 2, one methyl group is on equatorial and ..read more

  ln order to create new compounds or to fight illnesses. Many medications result from “fine-tuning” a naturally occurring chemical to change its characteristics. Some medications are natural products but are only made in tiny enough quantities to be used widely. These drugs are made in grams, kilograms, and, eventually, tones. The synthesis of bioactive molecules, many of which are interesting as potential or real medications, is one of the main goals of organic chemistry. These can range in complexity from the (relatively) basic, like L-DOPA, to the incredibly complex, like the manufact ..read more