·         after-cataract   Thin membranous after-cataract (thickened posterior capsule). Dense membranous after-cataract Soemmerring’s ring after-cataract: which refers to a thick ring of after cataract formed behind the iris, enclosed between the two layers of capsule Elschnig’s pearls: in which the vacuolated subcapsular epithelial cells are clustered like soap bubbles along the posterior capsule   Treatment ..read more

·         Persistent pupillary membranes (PPM’s) are the remnants of a normal embryologic structure of the eye. During fetal development they are continuous with the blood supply of the developing lens. The pupillary membrane begins to atrophy during fetal life, but atrophy may not be complete until 4 to 8 weeks of age. These strands are ..read more

·         Indiana Bleb Grading System. Four parameters are assessed at the slit lamp, using a narrow beam, against a standardized photographic set of blebs. (1) Bleb height: this describes the maximal vertical elevation of the bleb: flat, low, medium, or high. (2) Horizontal extent: the maximal horizontal extent is described relative to limbal clock hours ..read more

·         Indications of Glaucoma Drainage Implants: ü  • Previously failed filtration procedures in acquired or congenital glaucoma ü  • Neovascular glaucoma. ü  • Silicone-oil glaucoma. ü  • Aphakic / Pseudophakic glaucoma. ü  • Complicated glaucomas- eg. Aniridia/ICE/ Uveitis ü  • Traumatized eyes with conjunctival scarring ü  • Dryness which precludes standard glaucoma surgery ..read more

·         IOL Master ADVANTAGES •          Non-contact measurements.(Patient comfort) •          No risk of cross infection •          Single instrument performing AL,Km &ACD •          Learned very quickly. (User Friendly) •          Observer independent reliability •          More ac ..read more

·         Choosing The Right Formula   AL 22.0- 24.5  (72%)                   All formula   work even SRKI Medium long eyes AL 24.5-26.0 (15%)              Holladay works very long eyes AL >26.0( 5% )                     SRK / T works short eyes <22   (8%)   ..read more

·         Principles of Corneal Topography   ·         Placido disc system ·         Non-Placido disc system o   Scanning slit o   Rasterstereography o   Laser Holographic interferometry ..read more

·         LK vs PK   Advantages: •          extra ocular procedure. •          Less intraocular complications. •          Less astigmatism. •          Less chance of graft rejection. •          Less wound dehiscence. •          Less stringent donor quality criteria. •    ..read more

FUCHS DYSTROPHY is a common, usually bilateral and typically asymmetrical progressive cause of corneal Blindness. The first stage is asymptomatic, but guttae can be seen centrally on the posterior aspect of a thickened Descemet membrane. In the second stage, the patient may experience increased glare and a painless decrease in vision due to corneal edema ..read more

·         Chemical injury n  Ascorbate-collagen synthesis,keratocyte depletion of ascorbate secondary to decrease in aq level.used in prevention of ulceration once begin ineffective in arresting. n  Citrate –calcium chelating effectv decreases intracellular calcium levels of PMNs so impaired chemotaxis ,phagocytosis,release of lysosomal enzymes   ..read more