Download the Course Guide! https://breslyn.org/uploads/Workbook-Predicting.pdf Types of Rxns Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZR1BGWBaZ1wjBsSmAMpWTEflHMUM8rhW Course Videos ?️Getting Started: https://youtu.be/Gk8EGcmHiYM ?️Single, Double, and Combustion Rxns: https://youtu.be/AFNqO1OcjfQ ?️Decomposition Rxns: https://youtu.be/PkkAA6wx088 ?️Combination Rxns: https://youtu.be/i_7qbET2L_I ?️Are you ready for your exam or quiz? https://youtu.be/GBFR0dntlTs Other Resources: ?My other courses: https://www.youtube.com/@wbreslyn/courses ?My website: https://www.Breslyn.org ?Types of R ..read more

A single water molecule (H₂O) can form up to four hydrogen bonds. The oxygen atom in water has two lone pairs of electrons, each capable of accepting a hydrogen bond from the hydrogen atom of a neighboring water molecule. Additionally, the two hydrogen atoms in H₂O can each donate a hydrogen bond to the lone pairs of oxygen atoms in adjacent water molecules. This ability to both donate and accept hydrogen bonds creates an extensive network of intermolecular forces. These forces are responsible for water’s high boiling point, strong surface tension, and cohesive properties. The hydrogen bonding ..read more

In this video, we explore whether isotopes can also be ions. Starting with chlorine as an example, we know that chlorine always has 17 protons because that defines the element. However, the number of neutrons can vary. For instance, chlorine can have 18 neutrons, making it chlorine-35, or 20 neutrons, making it chlorine-37. These are both isotopes of chlorine, as they have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. In terms of ions, both isotopes can gain one electron to complete their octet when they bond with another element, like sodium. Sodium would lose one electron, an ..read more

In this video, we'll learn how to draw the molecular, structural, and skeletal formulas for Propionic Acid (C₃H₆O₂). Starting with the molecular formula, C₃H₆O₂, we see the number of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen atoms, but it doesn't reveal their arrangement. However, the name "Propionic Acid" and the presence of two oxygen atoms suggest it contains a carboxyl group (-COOH). Next, we'll draw the structural formula for Propionic Acid, showing how the Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen atoms are connected. This provides a clearer picture of the molecule's structure, revealing a chain of three Carbons ..read more

In this video, we’ll break down the differences between ethers and alcohols—two fundamental functional groups in organic chemistry. Starting with their structures, we’ll clarify what makes an ether distinct from an alcohol, and then dive into specific examples to solidify your understanding. Ether: Ethers have an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms (or alkyl groups), forming a C–O–C bond. Ethers are commonly used as solvents due to their stability and neutral properties. Alcohol: Alcohols contain a hydroxyl (-OH) group bonded to a carbon atom, making them polar and reactive. They’re essenti ..read more

In this video, we’ll break down the differences between ethers and esters—two important functional groups in organic chemistry that often cause confusion. Starting with their general structures, we’ll clarify what distinguishes an ether from an ester, then look at specific examples and practice exercises to help you confidently recognize each. Ether: Ethers consist of an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms (or alkyl groups) on either side, forming a C–O–C bond. Ethers are known for their relatively stable structure and are commonly used as solvents. Ester: Esters feature an oxygen atom doub ..read more

In this video, we explore the differences between primary, secondary, and tertiary amines in organic chemistry. Starting with the general structure of each type, we’ll break down what makes primary, secondary, and tertiary amines unique, followed by specific examples. This way, you’ll be able to confidently recognize and classify any amine structure—essential for exams and understanding organic reactions. Primary Amines: Nitrogen with a lone pair, bonded to two separate hydrogen atoms and one carbon atom (or group of carbon atoms). Secondary Amines: Nitrogen with a lone pair, bonded to one hyd ..read more

In this video we'll look at the difference Between polar and nonpolar chemical bonds. Note that both are considered to be covalent bonds. In covalent bonds, where two nonmetals bond by sharing electrons, we look at electronegativity—how strongly each atom attracts electrons—to determine if a bond is polar or nonpolar. ? My video on polar and non-polar molecules: https://youtu.be/OHFGXfWB_r4 For example: HCl is polar covalent. The electronegativity difference between hydrogen and chlorine is 0.96, meaning electrons are more attracted to chlorine, giving it a partial negative charge, while hydro ..read more

In this video, we’re going to look at the difference between the terms solute and solvent. Here’s an easy way to remember which is which: The word solute has six letters, so it’s a little smaller—just like how we use less of it in our mixture. The solvent, on the other hand, has seven letters and is usually what we have more of—often a liquid, like water. We pour the solute into the solvent, where it dissolves. You can even see solv in the word solvent, like dissolve, because that’s where everything dissolves! So, the solute dissolves in the solvent, and together they form a solution—the mixtu ..read more

In this video, we’ll break down the key differences between ketones and aldehydes in a way that’s easy to remember! An aldehyde has a double-bonded oxygen attached to a carbon that has a hydrogen next to it—think alde-H-yde because there’s an "H" on the carbon. For example, formaldehyde (HCHO) and acetaldehyde (CH₃CHO) are classic aldehydes. Ketones, on the other hand, have a double-bonded oxygen with carbons on both sides, so there’s no hydrogen directly attached to that carbon. Examples of ketones include acetone (CH₃COCH₃) and butanone (CH₃COCH₂CH₃), where the carbonyl carbon is sandwiched ..read more