Representative recordings in hypoxia loading experiments in two groups of mice, one pretreated with vehicle alone and the other with arundic acid, an inhibitor of astrocytic activation. From top to bottom: oxygen concentration in a chamber (FO2), respiratory flow (whole body plethysmogram, inspiration upward), EEG spectrogram in the mouse with vehicle alone, respiratory flow, and EEG spectrogram in the mouse with arundic acid. The percentage of mice with respiratory arrest was significantly smaller in the arundic acid group as compared to the vehicle group. Time from the start of hypoxia to th ..read more

The corticospinal tract (CST) controls voluntary hand function in primates, and to a lesser degree, paw movements in rats. Recent monkey studies showed that following a combined cervical dorsal root/dorsal column lesion (DRL/DCL), both motor and somatosensory CSTs sprout well beyond normal range. The S1 CST sprouting response is particularly dramatic, indicating an important, if poorly understood, somatosensory role in the recovery process. Here we used behavioral, electrophysiological, and neuroanatomical approaches, to show that CST terminal sprouting also occurs in the rodent and that it is ..read more

We provide a detailed analysis of the cytoarchitecture, myeloarchitecture and neurochemical considerations about the organization of the entorhinal cortex in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Variations of the basic lamination patterns permit the delineation of six different areas in the Entorhinal cortex. Abstract The entorhinal cortex (EC) is associated with impaired cognitive function such as in the case of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. The present study provides a detailed analysis of the cytoarchitectural and myeloarchitectural organization ..read more

Study of zebrafish shh‐GPF line reveals the location of the pallidal signalling center which is important for telencephalic dorsoventral patterning. Furthermore, striatal‐projecting posterior tubercular dopamine cells as well as non‐catecholaminergic preglomerular cells arise directly from ventral diencephalic shh expressing cells. ABSTRACT Ventralization, a major patterning process in the developing vertebrate neural tube (central nervous system, CNS), depends on Sonic hedgehog (SHH) as a main signaling morphogen. We studied the CNS of late larval and young adult zebrafish in a transgenic ..read more

Timeline of hippocampal complex (HC) reorganization events in primate evolution leading to the human lineage. The six key stages of this deep evolutionary history marked by violet circles over their respective nodes on the phylogenetic tree, and described in the boxes below. ABSTRACT The hippocampal complex (HC) is central to long‐term memory storage and retrieval as well as spatial navigation across many species. Notably, humans appear to have greatly enhanced or possibly unique HC‐mediated capacities such as constructive episodic simulation. Key studies have shown that the human HC is di ..read more

Responses of ON‐ and OFF‐ganglion cells (GCs) referred to as spot detectors (SDs) were recorded extracellularly from their axon terminals in the medial sublaminae of tectal retino‐recipient layer of immobilized cyprinid fish. Computer generated visual stimuli (contrast edges or spots) were presented on the computer‐controlled CRT monitor to the fish right eye. Stimuli were presented in the limited area of the monitor screen – a square of approximately 11°. Visual responses are recorded from a contralateral lobe of the tectum opticum. Characteristic feature of SDs is prolonged response to small ..read more

We provide a comprehensive atlas of the neuro‐muscular organization in the hydrozoan medusa Aglantha digitale (Cnidaria), revealing uniques systems of giant axons, dozens of distinct neuronal, receptor,m smooth and striated muscle cell types as a powerful reference platform for future functional and evolutionary neuroscience. Both giant axons and striated muscles evolved independently in this lineage (apart from other cnidarians and bilaterians). Thus, Aglantha is an example of “the extreme case” of neuromuscular adaptations driven by the prominent neuronal concentrations in the form of the an ..read more

The current study examined the morphology of neurons in prefrontal, primary motor, and primary visual cortices in three species: African lion (Panthera leo leo), African leopard (Panthera pardus pardus), and cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus jubatus). Quantitatively, somatodendritic measures of typical pyramidal neurons in the cheetah were generally larger than in the African leopard. Both morphological and stereological analyses indicated that primary motor gigantopyramidal neurons were exceptionally large across all three felids compared to other carnivores, possibly due to specializations related t ..read more

In this study, we examine how new adult‐born neurons are generated in the crayfish brain. We describe previously undetected symmetric divisions of neurogenic niche cells and follow their daughters as they generate multiple progeny by asymmetric divisions and migrate as expanding clones toward target brain areas. We reinterpret the cells composing the niche as a pseudostratified neuroepithelium with features reminiscent of interkinetic nuclear migration. Based on this, we present a novel model of adult neurogenesis that proposes intrinsic cell proliferation as well as hemocyte integration to co ..read more

Induced pluripotent stem cells from a patient with Parkinson's disease, and having the LRRK2 G2019S mutation, were differentiated into dopaminergic neurons and their in vitro‐released exosomes/microvesicles (EMVs) analyzed and compared to EMVs from control and gene corrected iPSC‐derived dopaminergic neurons. Gene expression patterns, correlated with neurodegenerative disorders, were differentially expressed in EMVs from LRRK2 mutant cells as compared to controls, and expression was restored to control levels for many of the genes when the mutation was corrected. Abstract Extracellular ves ..read more