Less is more. Illustrations of the validity of this mantra in life and clinical medicine are not hard to find. Examples abound in the realm of critical care, such as with mechanical ventilation1 and transfusion targets.2 Perhaps the best example in critical care nephrology is in dose of continuous kidney replacement therapy (CKRT) for acute kidney injury (AKI). Early enthusiasm for the routine use of high-dose CKRT fueled by smaller single-center studies was halted by the publication in 2008 and 2009 of the VA/NIH Acute Renal Failure Trial Network (ATN) and the Randomized Evaluation ..read more

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APOL1 (OMIM 603743) -encoding apolipoprotein L1 (apoL1) is an evolutionarily new gene found only in humans and some primates with key roles in innate immunity against African trypanosomiasis (1) (2). Two African ancestry–related APOL1 gain-of-function haplotypes, G1 and G2, individually confer enhanced protection against human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) (3) (4). Non-G1, non-G2 haplotypes are referred to as the G0, reference or the wild-type allele (5). In a landmark discovery, the recessively inherited higher risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) with the in-trans combinations of these two A ..read more

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W Gong1, U Diva1, M Bensink1, X Chai2, Y Xie2, S Gao2, B Hendry1, A Mercer3, Z-Y Zhou2, B Rovin4, J Barratt5. 1Travere Therapeutics, Inc, San Diego, CA, United States; 2Analysis Group, Boston, MA, United States; 3JAMCO Pharma Consulting, Stockholm, Sweden; 4Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States; 5University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom ..read more

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